‘ANNEX A’

 

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

 

ITEM 100 – CLEARING AND GRUBBING

 

100.1 Description

 

This item shall consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing all vegetation and debris as designated in the Contract, except those objects that are designated to remain in place or are to be removed in consonance with other provisions of this Specification. The work shall also include the preservation from injury or defacement of all objects designated to remain.

 

100.2 Construction Requirements

 

100.2.1      General

 

The Engineer will establish the limits of work and designate all trees, shrubs, plants and other things to remain. The Contractor shall preserve all objects designated to remain. Paint required for cut or scarred surface of trees or shrubs selected for retention shall be an approved asphaltum base paint prepared especially for tree surgery.

 

Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes as the case maybe for the entire length of the project unless otherwise shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer and provided it is within the right of way limits of the project, with the exception of trees under the jurisdiction of the Forest Management Bureau (FMB).

 

100.2.2      Clearing and Grubbing

 

All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other protruding obstructions, not designated to remain, shall be cleared and/or grubbed, including mowing as required, except as provided below:

 

(1)      Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and nonperishable solid objects with a minimum depth of one (1) meter below subgrade or slope of embankment will not be required.

 

(2)     In areas outside of the grading limits of cut and embankment areas, stumps and nonperishable solid objects shall be cut off not more than 150 mm (6 inches) above the ground line or low water level.

 

(3)      In areas to be rounded at the top of cut slopes, stumps shall be cut off flush with or below the surface of the final slope line.

 

(4)      Grubbing of pits, channel changes and ditches will be required only to the depth necessitated by the proposed excavation within such areas.


 

 

 

 

 


 

(5)      In areas covered by cogon/talahib, wild grass and other vegetations, top soil shall be cut to a maximum depth of 150 mm below the original ground surface or as designated by the Engineer, and disposed outside the clearing and grubbing limits as indicated in the typical roadway section.

 

Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are removed shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted to the required density.

 

If perishable material is burned, it shall be burned under the constant care of component watchmen at such times and in such a manner that the surrounding vegetation, other adjacent property, or anything designated to remain on the right of way will not be jeopardized. If permitted, burning shall be done in accordance with applicable laws, ordinances, and regulation.

 

The Contractor shall use high intensity burning procedures, (i.e., incinerators, high stacking or pit and ditch burning with forced air supplements) that produce intense burning with little or no visible smoke emission during the burning process. At the conclusion of each burning session, the fire shall be completely extinguished so that no smoldering debris remains.

 

In the event that the Contractor is directed by the Engineer not to start burning operations or to suspend such operations because of hazardous weather conditions, material to be burned which interferes with subsequent construction operations shall be moved by the Contractor to temporary locations clear of construction operations and later, if directed by the Engineer, shall be placed on a designated spot and burned.

 

Materials and debris which cannot be burned and perishable materials may be disposed off by methods and at locations approved by the Engineer, on or off the project. If disposal is by burying, the debris shall be placed in layers with the material so disturbed to avoid nesting. Each layer shall be covered or mixed with earth material by the land-fill method to fill all voids. The top layer of material buried shall be covered with at least 300 mm (12 inches) of earth or other approved material and shall be graded, shaped and compacted to present a pleasing appearance. If the disposal location is off the project, the Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with property owners in writing for obtaining suitable disposal locations which are outside the limits of view from the project. The cost involved shall be included in the unit bid price. A copy of such agreement shall be furnished to the Engineer. The disposal areas shall be seeded, fertilized and mulched at the Contractor’s expense.

 

Woody material may be disposed off by chipping. The wood chips may be used for mulch, slope erosion control or may be uniformly spread over selected areas as directed by the Engineer. Wood chips used as mulch for slope erosion control shall have a maximum thickness of 12 mm (1/2 inch) and faces not exceeding 3900 mm2 (6 square inches) on any individual surface area. Wood chips not designated for use under other sections shall be spread over the

 

 


 

designated areas in layers not to exceed 75 mm (3 inches) loose thickness. Diseased trees shall be buried or disposed off as directed by the Engineer.

 

All merchantable timber in the clearing area which has not been removed from the right of way prior to the beginning of construction, shall become the property of the Contractor, unless otherwise provided.

 

Low hanging branches and unsound or unsightly branches on trees or shrubs designated to remain shall be trimmed as directed. Branches of trees extending over the roadbed shall be trimmed to give a clear height of 6 m (20 feet) above the roadbed surface. All trimming shall be done by skilled workmen and in accordance with good tree surgery practices.

 

Timber cut inside the area staked for clearing shall be felled within the area to be cleared.

 

100.2.3      Individual Removal of Trees or Stumps

 

Individual trees or stumps designated by the Engineer for removal and located in areas other than those established for clearing and grubbing and roadside cleanup shall be removed and disposed off as specified under Subsection 100.2.2 except trees removed shall be cut as nearly flush with the ground as practicable without removing stumps.

 

100.3   Method of Measurement

 

Measurement will be by one or more of the following alternate methods:

 

1.            Area Basis. The work to be paid for shall be the number of hectares and fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed within the limits indicated on the Plans or as may be adjusted in field staking by the Engineer. Areas not within the clearing and grubbing limits shown on the Plans or not staked for clearing and grubbing will not be measured for payment.

 

2.            Lump-Sum Basis. When the Bill of Quantities contains a Clearing and Grubbing lump-sum item, no measurement of area will be made for such item.

 

3.            Individual Unit Basis (Selective Clearing). The diameter of trees will be measured at a height of 1.4 m (54 inches) above the ground. Trees less than 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter will not be measured for payment.


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

When Bill of Quantities indicates measurement of trees by individual unit basis, the units will be designated and measured in accordance with the following schedule of sizes:

 

Diameter at height of 1.4 m

Pay Item Designation

 

 

Over 150 mm to 900 mm

Small

Over 900 mm

Large

 

 

100.4 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 100.3, shall be paid for at the Contract unit price for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities, which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

 

 

 

100 (1)

Clearing and Grubbing

Hectare

100 (2)

Clearing and Grubbing

Lump Sum

100 (3)

Individual Removal of

Each

 

Trees, Small

 

100 (4)

Individual removal of

Each

 

Trees, Large

 

 

 

 

 

ITEM 101 – REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

 

101.1 Description

 

This Item shall consist of the removal wholly or in part, and satisfactory disposal of all buildings, fences, structures, old pavements, abandoned pipe lines, and any other obstructions which are not designated or permitted to remain, except for the obstructions to be removed and disposed off under other items in the Contract. It shall also include the salvaging of designated materials and backfilling the resulting trenches, holes, and pits.

 

101.2 Construction Requirements

 

101.2.1      General

 

 

 

 

 


 

The Contractor shall perform the work described above, within and adjacent to the roadway, on Government land or easement, as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. All designated salvable material shall be removed, without unnecessary damage, in sections or pieces which may be readily transported, and shall be stored by the Contractor at specified places on the project or as otherwise shown in the Special Provisions. Perishable material shall be handled as designated in Subsection 100.2.2 Nonperishable material may be disposed off outside the limits of view from the project with written permission of the property owner on whose property the material is placed. Copies of all agreements with property owners are to be furnished to the Engineer. Basements or cavities left by the structure removal shall be filled with acceptable material to the level of the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall be compacted to the required density.

 

101.2.2      Removal of Existing Bridges, Culverts, and other Drainage Structures

 

All existing bridges, culverts and other drainage structures in use by traffic shall not be removed until satisfactory arrangements have been made to accommodate traffic. The removal of existing culverts within embankment areas will be required only as necessary for the installation of new structures. Abandoned culverts shall be broken down, crushed and sealed or plugged. All retrieved culvert for future use as determined by the Engineer shall be carefully removed and all precautions shall be employed to avoid breakage or structural damage to any of its part. All sections of structures removed which are not designated for stockpiling or re-laying shall become the property of the Government and be removed from the project or disposed off in a manner approved by the Engineer.

 

Unless otherwise directed, the substructures of existing structures shall be removed down to the natural stream bottom and those parts outside of the stream shall be removed down to at least 300 mm (12 inches) below natural ground surface. Where such portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits for a new structure, they shall be removed as necessary to accommodate the construction of the proposed structure.

 

Steel bridges and wood bridges when specified to be salvaged shall be carefully dismantled without damaged. Steel members shall be match marked unless such match marking is waived by the Engineer. All salvaged material shall be stored as specified in Subsection 101.2.1.

 

Structures designated to become the property of the Contractor shall be removed from the right-of-way.

 

Blasting or other operations necessary for the removal of an existing structure or obstruction, which may damage new construction, shall be completed prior to placing the new work, unless otherwise provided in the Special Provisions.

 

101.2.3      Removal of Pipes Other than Pipe Culverts


 

 

 

 

 


 

Unless otherwise provided, all pipes shall be carefully removed and every precaution taken to avoid breakage or damaged. Pipes to be relaid shall be removed and stored when necessary so that there will be no loss of damage before re-laying. The Contractor shall replace sections lost from storage or damage by negligence, at his own expense.

 

101.2.4      Removal of Existing Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, etc.

 

All concrete pavement, base course, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, etc., designated for removal, shall be:

 

(1)      Broken into pieces and used for riprap on the project, or

 

(2)      Broken into pieces, the size of which shall not exceed 300 mm (12 inches) in any dimension and stockpiled at designated locations on the project for use by the Government, or

 

(3)     Otherwise demolished and disposed off as directed by the Engineer. When specified, ballast, gravel, bituminous materials or other surfacing or pavement materials shall be removed and stockpiled as required in Subsection 101.2.1, otherwise such materials shall be disposed off as directed.

 

There will be no separate payment for excavating for removal of structures and obstructions or for backfilling and compacting the remaining cavity.

 

101.3  Method of Measurement

 

When the Contract stipulates that payment will be made for removal of obstructions on lump-sum basis, the pay item will include all structures and obstructions encountered within the roadway. Where the contract stipulates that payment will be made for the removal of specific items on a unit basis, measurement will be made by the unit stipulated in the Contract.

 

Whenever the Bill of Quantities does not contain an item for any aforementioned removals, the work will not be paid for directly, but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor under other Contract Items.

 

101.4 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 101.3, shall be paid for at the Contract unit price or lump sum price bid for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for removing and disposing of obstructions, including materials, labor, equipments, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item. The price shall also include backfilling, salvage of materials removed, their custody, preservation, storage on the right-of-way and disposal as provided herein.


 

 

 

 

1


 

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

 

 

 

101 (1)

Removal of Structures

Lump Sum

 

and Obstruction

 

101 (2)

Removal of

Each

101 (3)

Removal of

Square Meter

101 (4)

Removal of

Linear Meter

 

 

ITEM 102 – EXCAVATION

 

102.1 Description

 

This Item shall consist of roadway and drainage and borrow excavation and the disposal of material in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer.

 

102.1.1      Roadway Excavation

 

Roadway excavation will include excavation and grading for roadways, parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, waterways and ditches; removal of unsuitable material from the roadbed and beneath embankment areas; and excavating selected material found in the roadway as ordered by the Engineer for specific use in the improvement. Roadway excavation will be classified as “unclassified excavation”, “rock excavation”, “common excavation”, or “muck excavation” as indicated in the Bill of Quantities and hereinafter described.

 

(1)      Unclassified Excavation. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation and disposal of all materials regardless of its nature, not classified and included in the Bill of Quantities under other pay items.

 

(2)      Rock Excavation. Rock excavation shall consist of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock which cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of rippers, and all boulders or other detached stones each having a volume of 1 cubic meter or more as determined by physical measurements or visually by the Engineer.

 

 

 

(3)      Common Excavation. Common excavations shall consist of all excavation not included in the Bill of Quantities under “rock excavation” or other pay items.

 

 

 

 

 


 

(4)      Muck Excavation. Muck excavation shall consist of the removal and disposal of deposits of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for foundation material regardless of moisture content.

 

102.1.2      Borrow Excavation

 

Borrow excavation shall consist of the excavation and utilization of approved material required for the construction of embankments or for other portions of the work, and shall be obtained from approved sources, in accordance with Clause 61 and the following:

 

(1) Borrow, Case 1

 

Borrow Case 1 will consist of material obtained from sources designated on the Plans or in the Special Provisions.

 

(2) Borrow, Case 2

 

Borrow Case 2 will consist of material obtained from sources provided by the Contractor.

 

The material shall meet the quality requirements determined by the Engineer unless otherwise provided in the Contract.

 

102.2 Construction Requirements

 

102.2.1 General

 

When there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown on the Plans, a pre-construction survey referred to the datum plane used in the approved Plan shall be undertaken by the Contractor under the control of the Engineer to serve as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the excavated materials.

 

All excavations shall be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform surfaces. No materials shall be wasted without authority of the Engineer. Excavation operations shall be conducted so that material outside of the limits of slopes will not be disturbed. Prior to excavation, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall have been performed in accordance with Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing.

 

102.2.2 Conservation of Topsoil

 

Where provided for on the Plans or in the Special Provisions, suitable topsoil encountered in excavation and on areas where embankment is to be placed shall be removed to such extent and to such depth as the Engineer may direct. The removed topsoil shall be transported and deposited in storage piles at locations approved by the Engineer. The topsoil shall be completely removed to the required depth from any designated area prior to the beginning of regular excavation or embankment work in the area and shall be kept separate from other excavated materials for later use.


 

 


102.2.3 Utilization of Excavated Materials

 

All suitable material removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of the embankment, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding, and backfill for structures, and for other purposes shown on the Plans or as directed.

 

The Engineer will designate as unsuitable those soils that cannot be properly compacted in embankments. All unsuitable material shall be disposed off as shown on the Plans or as directed without delay to the Contractor.

 

Only approved materials shall be used in the construction of embankments and backfills.

 

All excess material, including rock and boulders that cannot be used in embankments shall be disposed off as directed.

 

Material encountered in the excavation and determined by the Engineer as suitable for topping, road finishing, slope protection, or other purposes shall be conserved and utilized as directed by the Engineer.

 

Borrow material shall not be placed until after the readily accessible roadway excavation has been placed in the fill, unless otherwise permitted or directed by the Engineer. If the Contractor places moré borrow than is required and thereby causes a waste of excavation, the amount of such waste will be deducted from the borrow volume.

 

102.2.4 Prewatering

 

Excavation areas and borrow pits may be prewatered before excavating the material. When prewatering is used, the areas to be excavated shall be moistened to the full depth, from the surface to the bottom of the excavation. The water shall be controlled so that the excavated material will contain the proper moisture to permit compaction to the specified density with the use of standard compacting equipment. Prewatering shall be supplemented where necessary, by truck watering units, to ensure that the embankment material contains the proper moisture at the time of compaction.

 

The Contractor shall provide drilling equipment capable of suitably checking the moisture penetration to the full depth of the excavation.

 

102.2.5 Presplitting

 

Unless otherwise provided in the Contract, rock excavation which requires drilling and shooting shall be presplit.

 

Presplitting to obtain faces in the rock and shale formations shall be performed by: (1) drilling holes at uniform intervals along the slope lines, (2) loading and stemming the holes with appropriate explosives and stemming material, and (3) detonating the holes simultaneously.


 

 

 

 


 

Prior to starting drilling operations for presplitting, the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a plan outlining the position of all drill holes, depth of drilling, type of explosives to be used, loading pattern and sequence of firing. The drilling and blasting plan is for record purposes only and will not absolve the Contractor of his responsibility for using proper drilling and blasting procedures. Controlled blasting shall begin with a short test section of a length approved by the Engineer. The test section shall be presplit, production drilled and blasted and sufficient material excavated whereby the Engineer can determine if the Contractor’s methods are satisfactory. The Engineer may order discontinuance of the presplitting when he determines that the materials encountered have become unsuitable for being presplit.

 

The holes shall be charged with explosives of the size, kind, strength, and at the spacing suitable for the formations being presplit, and with stemming material which passes a 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) standard sieve and which has the qualities for proper confinement of the explosives.

 

The finished presplit slope shall be reasonably uniform and free of loose rock. Variance from the true plane of the excavated backslope shall not exceed 300 mm (12 inches); however, localized irregularities or surface variations that do not constitute a safety hazard or an impairment to drainage courses or facilities will be permitted.

 

A maximum offset of 600 mm (24 inches) will be permitted for a construction working bench at the bottom of each lift for use in drilling the next lower presplitting pattern.

 

102.2.6      Excavation of Ditches, Gutters, etc.

 

All materials excavated from side ditches and gutters, channel changes, irrigation ditches, inlet and outlet ditches, toe ditchers, furrow ditches, and such other ditches as may be designated on the Plans or staked by the Engineer, shall be utilized as provided in Subsection 102.2.3.

 

Ditches shall conform to the slope, grade, and shape of the required cross-section, with no projections of roots, stumps, rock, or similar matter. The Contractor shall maintain and keep open and free from leaves, sticks, and other debris all ditches dug by him until final acceptance of the work.

 

Furrow ditches shall be formed by plowing a continuous furrow along the line staked by the Engineer. Methods other than plowing may be used if acceptable to the Engineer. The ditches shall be cleaned out by hand shovel work, by ditcher, or by some other suitable method, throwing all loose materials on the downhill side so that the bottom of the finished ditch shall be approximately 450 mm (18 inches) below the crest of the loose material piled on the downhill side. Hand finish will not be required, but the flow lines shall be in satisfactory shape to provide drainage without overflow.

 

102.2.7 Excavation of Roadbed Level


 

 


 

Rock shall be excavated to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) below subgrade within the limits of the roadbed, and the excavation backfilled with material designated on the Plans or approved by the Engineer and compacted to the required density.

 

When excavation methods employed by the Contractor leave undrained pockets in the rock surface, the Contractor shall at his own expense, properly drain such depressions or when permitted by the Engineer fill the depressions with approved impermeable material.

 

Material below subgrade, other than solid rock shall be thoroughly scarified to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) and the moisture content increased or reduced, as necessary, to bring the material throughout this 150 mm layer to the moisture content suitable for maximum compaction. This layer shall then be compacted in accordance with Subsection 104.3.3.

 

102.2.8 Borrow Areas

 

The Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently in advance of opening any borrow areas so that cross-section elevations and measurements of the ground surface after stripping may be taken, and the borrow material can be tested before being used. Sufficient time for testing the borrow material shall be allowed.

 

All borrow areas shall be bladed and left in such shape as to permit accurate measurements after excavation has been completed. The Contractor shall not excavate beyond the dimensions and elevations established, and no material shall be removed prior to the staking out and cross-sectioning of the site. The finished borrow areas shall be approximately true to line and grade established and specified and shall be finished, as prescribed in Clause 61, Standard Specifications for Public Works and Highways, Volume 1. When necessary to remove fencing, the fencing shall be replaced in at least as good condition as it was originally. The Contractor shall be responsible for the confinement of livestock when a portion of the fence is removed.

 

102.2.9      Removal of Unsuitable Material

 

Where the Plans show the top portion of the roadbed to be selected topping, all unsuitable materials shall be excavated to the depth necessary for replacement of the selected topping to the required compacted thickness.

 

Where excavation to the finished graded section results in a subgrade or slopes of unsuitable soil, the Engineer may require the Contractor to remove the unsuitable material and backfill to the finished graded section with approved material. The Contractor shall conduct his operations in such a way that the Engineer can take the necessary cross-sectional measurements before the backfill is placed.

 

The excavation of muck shall be handled in a manner that will not permit the entrapment of muck within the backfill. The material used for backfilling up to


 

 


 

the ground line or water level, whichever is higher, shall be rock or other suitable granular material selected from the roadway excavation, if available. If not available, suitable material shall be obtained from other approved sources. Unsuitable material removed shall be disposed off in designated areas shown on the Plans or approved by the Engineer.

 

102.3 Method of Measurement

 

The cost of excavation of material which is incorporated in the Works or in other areas of fill shall be deemed to be included in the Items of Work where the material is used.

 

Measurement of Unsuitable or Surplus Material shall be the net volume in its original position.

 

For measurement purposes, surplus suitable material shall be calculated as the difference between the net volume of suitable material required to be used in embankment corrected by applying a shrinkage factor or a swell factor in case of rock excavation, determined by laboratory tests to get its original volume measurement, and the net volume of suitable material from excavation in the original position. Separate pay items shall be provided for surplus common, unclassified and rock material.

 

The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in the contract unit prices all costs of obtaining land for the disposal of unsuitable or surplus material.

 

102.4 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 102.3 shall be paid for at the contract unit price for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for the removal and disposal of excavated materials including all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

102 (1)

Unsuitable Excavation

Cubic Meter

102 (2)

Surplus Common Excavation

Cubic Meter

102 (3)

Surplus Rock Excavation

Cubic Meter

102 (4)

Surplus Unclassified Excavation

Cubic Meter

 

 

ITEM 103 – STRUCTURE EXCAVATION

 

103.1 Description


 

 

 

 

 


 

This Item shall consist of the necessary excavation for foundation of bridges, culverts, underdrains, and other structures not otherwise provided for in the Specifications. Except as otherwise provided for pipe culverts, the backfilling of completed structures and the disposal of all excavated surplus materials, shall be in accordance with these Specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the Plans or as established by the Engineer.

 

This Item shall include necessary diverting of live streams, bailing, pumping, draining, sheeting, bracing, and the necessary construction of cribs and cofferdams, and furnishing the materials therefore, and the subsequent removal of cribs and cofferdams and the placing of all necessary backfill.

 

It shall also include the furnishing and placing of approved foundation fill material to replace unsuitable material encountered below the foundation elevation of structures.

 

No allowance will be made for classification of different types of material encountered.

 

103.2 Construction Requirements

 

103.2.1      Clearing and Grubbing

 

Prior to starting excavation operations in any area, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall have been performed in accordance with Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing.

 

103.2.2      Excavation

 

(1)      General, all structures. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently in advance of the beginning of any excavation so that cross-sectional elevations and measurements may be taken on the undisturbed ground. The natural ground adjacent to the structure shall not be disturbed without permission of the Engineer.

 

Trenches or foundation pits for structures or structure footings shall be excavated to the lines and grades or elevations shown on the Plans or as staked by the Engineer. They shall be of sufficient size to permit the placing of structures or structure footings of the full width and length shown. The elevations of the bottoms of footings, as shown on the Plans, shall be considered as approximate only and the Engineer may order, in writing, such changes in dimensions or elevations of footings as may be deemed necessary, to secure a satisfactory foundation.

 

Boulders, logs, and other objectionable materials encountered in excavation shall be removed.

 

After each excavation is completed, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer to that effect and no footing, bedding material or pipe culvert


 

 


 

shall be placed until the Engineer has approved the depth of excavation and the character of the foundation material.

 

(2)      Structures other than pipe culverts. All rock or other hard foundation materials shall be cleaned all loose materials, and cut to a firm surface, either level, stepped, or serrated as directed by the Engineer. All seams or crevices shall be cleaned and grouted. All loose and disintegrated rocks and thin strata shall be removed. When the footing is to rest on material other than rock, excavation to final grade shall not be made until just before the footing is to be placed. When the foundation material is soft or mucky or otherwise unsuitable, as determined by the Engineer, the Contractor shall remove the unsuitable material and backfill with approved granular material. This foundation fill shall be placed and compacted in 150 mm (6 inches) layers up to the foundation elevation.

 

When foundation piles are used, the excavation of each pit shall be completed before the piles are driven and any placing of foundation fill shall be done after the piles are driven. After the driving is completed, all loose and displaced materials shall be removed, leaving a smooth, solid bed to receive the footing.

 

(3)      Pipe Culverts. The width of the pipe trench shall be sufficient to permit satisfactory jointing of the pipe and thorough tamping of the bedding material under and around the pipe.

 

Where rock, hardpan, or other unyielding material is encountered, it shall be removed below the foundation grade for a depth of at least 300 mm or 4 mm for each 100 mm of fill over the top of pipe, whichever is greater, but not to exceed three-quarters of the vertical inside diameter of the pipe. The width of the excavation shall be at least 300 mm (12 inches) greater than the horizontal outside diameter of the pipe. The excavation below grade shall be backfilled with selected fine compressible material, such as silty clay or loam, and lightly compacted in layers not over 150 mm (6 inches) in uncompacted depth to form a uniform but yielding foundation.

 

Where a firm foundation is not encountered at the grade established, due to soft, spongy, or other unstable soil, such unstable soil under the pipe and for a width of at least one diameter on each side of the pipe shall be removed to the depth directed by the Engineer and replaced with approved granular foundation fill material properly compacted to provide adequate support for the pipe, unless other special construction methods are called for on the Plans.

 

The foundation surface shall provide a firm foundation of uniform density throughout the length of the culvert and, if directed by the Engineer, shall be cambered in the direction parallel to the pipe centerline.


 

 

 

 


 

Where pipe culverts are to be placed in trenches excavated in embankments, the excavation of each trench shall be performed after the embankment has been constructed to a plane parallel to the proposed profile grade and to such height above the bottom of the pipe as shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer.

 

103.2.3      Utilization of Excavated Materials

 

All excavated materials, so far as suitable, shall be utilized as backfill or embankment. The surplus materials shall be disposed off in such manner as not to obstruct the stream or otherwise impair the efficiency or appearance of the structure. No excavated materials shall be deposited at any time so as to endanger the partly finished structure.

 

103.2.4      Cofferdams

 

Suitable and practically watertight cofferdams shall be used wherever water-bearing strata are encountered above the elevation of the bottom of the excavation. If requested, the Contractor shall submit drawings showing his proposed method of cofferdam construction, as directed by the Engineer.

 

Cofferdams or cribs for foundation construction shall in general, be carried well below the bottoms of the footings and shall be well braced and as nearly watertight as practicable. In general, the interior dimensions of cofferdams shall be such as to give sufficient clearance for the construction of forms and the inspection of their exteriors, and to permit pumping outside of the forms. Cofferdams or cribs which are tilted or moved laterally during the process of sinking shall be righted or enlarged so as to provide the necessary clearance.

 

When conditions are encountered which, as determined by the Engineer, render it impracticable to dewater the foundation before placing the footing, the Engineer may require the construction of a concrete foundation seal of such dimensions as he may consider necessary, and of such thickness as to resist any possible uplift. The concrete for such seal shall be placed as shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer. The foundation shall then be dewatered and the footing placed. When weighted cribs are employed and the mass is utilized to overcome partially the hydrostatic pressure acting against the bottom of the foundation seal, special anchorage such as dowels or keys shall be provided to transfer the entire mass of the crib to the foundation seal. When a foundation seal is placed under water, the cofferdams shall be vented or ported at low water level as directed.

 

Cofferdams shall be constructed so as to protect green concrete against damage from sudden rising of the stream and to prevent damage to the foundation by erosion. No timber or bracing shall be left in cofferdams or cribs in such a way as to extend into substructure masonry, without written permission from the Engineer.

 

Any pumping that may be permitted from the interior of any foundation enclosure shall be done in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of any


 

 


 

portion of the concrete material being carried away. Any pumping required during the placing of concrete, or for a period of at least 24 hours thereafter, shall be done from a suitable sump located outside the concrete forms. Pumping to dewater a sealed cofferdam shall not commence until the seal has set sufficiently to withstand the hydrostatic pressure.

 

Unless otherwise provided, cofferdams or cribs, with all sheeting and bracing involved therewith, shall be removed by the Contractor after the completion of the substructure. Removal shall be effected in such manner as not to disturb or mar finished masonry.

 

103.2.5 Preservation of Channel

 

Unless otherwise permitted, no excavation shall be made outside of caissons, cribs, cofferdams, or sheet piling, and the natural stream bed adjacent to structure shall not be disturbed without permission from the Engineer. If any excavation or dredging is made at the side of the structure before caissons, cribs, or cofferdams are sunk in place, the Contractor shall, after the foundation base is in place, backfill all such excavations to the original ground surface or stream bed with material satisfactory to the Engineer.

 

103.2.6 Backfill and Embankment for Structures Other Than Pipe Culverts

 

Excavated areas around structures shall be backfilled with free draining granular material approved by the Engineer and placed in horizontal layers not over 150 mm (6 inches) in thickness, to the level of the original ground surface. Each layer shall be moistened or dried as required and thoroughly compacted with mechanical tampers.

 

In placing backfills or embankment, the material shall be placed simultaneously in so far as possible to approximately the same elevation on both sides of an abutment, pier, or wall. If conditions require placing backfill or embankment appreciably higher on one side than on the opposite side, the additional material on the higher side shall not be placed until the masonry has been in place for 14 days, or until tests made by the laboratory under the supervision of the Engineer establishes that the masonry has attained sufficient strength to withstand any pressure created by the methods used and materials placed without damage or strain beyond a safe factor.

 

Backfill or embankment shall not be placed behind the walls of concrete culverts or abutments or rigid frame structures until the top slab is placed and cured. Backfill and embankment behind abutments held at the top by the superstructure, and behind the sidewalls of culverts, shall be carried up simultaneously behind opposite abutments or sidewalls.

 

All embankments adjacent to structures shall be constructed in horizontal layers and compacted as prescribed in Subsection 104.3.3 except that mechanical tampers may be used for the required compaction. Special care shall be taken to prevent any wedging action against the structure and slopes bounding or within the areas to be filled shall be benched or serrated to prevent wedge


 

 


 

action. The placing of embankment and the benching of slopes shall continue in such a manner that at all times there will be horizontal berm of thoroughly compacted material for a distance at least equal to the height of the abutment or wall to the backfilled against except insofar as undisturbed material obtrudes upon the area.

 

Broken rock or coarse sand and gravel shall be provided for a drainage filter at weepholes as shown on the Plans.

 

103.2.7 Bedding, Backfill, and Embankment for Pipe Culverts

 

Bedding, Backfill and Embankment for pipe culverts shall be done in accordance with Item 500, Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains.

 

103.3 Method of Measurement

 

103.3.1 Structure Excavation

 

The volume of excavation to be paid for will be the number of cubic metres measured in original position of material acceptably excavated in conformity with the Plans or as directed by the Engineer, but in no case, except as noted, will any of the following volumes be included in the measurement for payment:

 

(1)      The volume outside of vertical planes 450 mm (18 inches) outside of and parallel to the neat lines of footings and the inside walls of pipe and pipe-arch culverts at their widest horizontal dimensions.

 

(2)      The volume of excavation for culvert and sections outside the vertical plane for culverts stipulated in (1) above.

 

(3)      The volume outside of neat lines of underdrains as shown on the Plans, and outside the limits of foundation fill as ordered by the Engineer.

 

(4)      The volume included within the staked limits of the roadway excavation, contiguous channel changes, ditches, etc., for which payment is otherwise provided in the Specification.

 

(5)      Volume of water or other liquid resulting from construction operations and which can be pumped or drained away.

 

(6)      The volume of any excavation performed prior to the taking of elevations and measurements of the undisturbed ground.

 

(7)      the volume of any material rehandled, except that where the Plans indicate or the Engineer directs the excavation after embankment has been placed and except that when installation of pipe culverts by the imperfect trench method specified in Item 500 is required, the volume of material re-excavated as directed will be included.


 

 

 

 


 

(8)      The volume of excavation for footings ordered at a depth more than 1.5 m (60 inches) below the lowest elevation for such footings shown on the original Contract Plans, unless the Bill of Quantities contains a pay item for excavation ordered below the elevations shown on the Plans for individual footings.

 

103.3.2   Bridge Excavation

 

The  volume  of  excavation,  designated  on  the  Plans  or  in  the  Special

 

Provisions as “Bridge Excavation” will be measured as described below and will be kept separate for pay purposes from the excavation for all structures.

 

The volume of bridge excavation to be paid shall be the vertical 450 mm (18 inches) outside of and parallel to the neat lines of the footing. The vertical planes shall constitute the vertical faces of the volume for pay quantities regardless of excavation inside or outside of these planes.

 

103.3.3 Foundation Fill

 

The volume of foundation fill to be paid for will be the number of cubic metres measures in final position of the special granular material actually provided and placed below the foundation elevation of structures as specified, complete in place and accepted.

 

103.3.4 Shoring, Cribbing, and Related Work

 

Shoring, cribbing and related work whenever included as a pay item in Bill of Quantities will be paid for at the lump sum bid price. This work shall include furnishing, constructing, maintaining, and removing any and all shoring, cribbing, cofferdams, caissons, bracing, sheeting water control, and other operations necessary for the acceptable completion of excavation included in the work of this Section, to a depth of 1.5 m below the lowest elevation shown on the Plans for each separable foundation structure.

 

103.3.5 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 103.3, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for each of the particular pay items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities. The payment shall constitute full compensation for the removal and disposal of excavated materials including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item, except as follows:

 

(1)      Any excavation for footings ordered at a depth more than 1.5 m below the lowest elevation shown on the original Contract Plans will be paid for as provided in Part K, Measurement and Payment, unless a pay item for excavation ordered below Plan elevation appears in the Bill of Quantities.


 

 

 

 

 


 

(2)      Concrete will be measured and paid for as provided under Item 405, Structural Concrete.

 

(3)      Any roadway or borrow excavation required in excess of the quantity excavated for structures will be measured and paid for as provided under Item 102.

 

(4)      Shoring, cribbing, and related work required for excavation ordered more than 1.5 m (60 inches ) below Plan elevation will be paid for in accordance with Part K.

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

 

Unit of Measurement

103 (1)

Structure Excavation

 

Cubic Meter

103 (2)

Bridge Excavation

 

Cubic Meter

103 (3)

Foundation Fill

 

Cubic Meter

103 (4)

Excavation

ordered

below

Cubic Meter

 

Plan elevation

 

 

103 (5)

Shoring,

cribbing,

and

 

 

related work

 

Lump sum

103 (6)

Pipe   culverts  and

drain

Cubic Meter

 

excavation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ITEM 104 – EMBANKMENT

 

104.1 Description

 

This Item shall consist of the construction of embankment in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer.

 

104.2 Material Requirements

 

Embankments shall be constructed of suitable materials, in consonance with the following definitions:

 

1.        Suitable Material – Material which is acceptable in accordance with the Contract and which can be compacted in the manner specified in this Item. It can be common material or rock.

 

Selected Borrow, for topping – soil of such gradation that all particles will pass a sieve with 75 mm (3 inches) square openings and not more than 15 mass percent will pass the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, as determined by AASHTO T 11. The material shall have a plasticity index of not more than 6 as determined by ASSHTO T 90 and a liquid limit of not more than 30 as determined by AASHTO T 89.


 

 


 

2.        Unsuitable Material – Material other than suitable materials such as:

 

(a)      Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic materials, such as grass, roots and sewerage.

 

(b)      Organic soils such as peat and muck.

 

(c)    Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55.

 

(d)      Soils with a natural water content exceeding 100%.

 

(e)       Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or lower.

 

(f)       Soils that cannot be properly compacted as determined by the Engineer.

 

104.3   Construction Requirements

 

104.3.1 General

 

Prior to construction of embankment, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall have been performed in conformity with Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing.

 

Embankment construction shall consist of constructing roadway embankments, including preparation of the areas upon which they are to be placed; the construction of dikes within or adjacent to the roadway; the placing and compacting of approved material within roadway areas where unsuitable material has been removed; and the placing and compacting of embankment material in holes, pits, and other depressions within the roadway area.

 

Embankments and backfills shall contain no muck, peat, sod, roots or other deleterious matter. Rocks, broken concrete or other solid, bulky materials shall not be placed in embankment areas where piling is to be placed or driven.

 

Where shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer, the surface of the existing ground shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) and to the specified requirements of this Item.

 

Where provided on the Plans and Bill of Quantities the top portions of the roadbed in both cuts and embankments, as indicated, shall consist of selected borrow for topping from excavations.

 

104.3.2 Methods of Construction

 

Where there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown on the Plans, a preconstruction survey referred to the datum plane used in the approved Plan shall be undertaken by the Contractor under the control of the

 

 

 

 


 

Engineer to serve as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the embankment materials.

 

When embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides, or when new embankment is to be compacted against existing embankments, or when embankment is built one-half width at a time, the existing slopes that are steeper than 3:1 when measured at right angles to the roadway shall be continuously benched over those areas as the work is brought up in layers. Benching will be subject to the Engineer’s approval and shall be of sufficient width to permit operation of placement and compaction equipment. Each horizontal cut shall begin at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides of the previous cuts. Material thus excavated shall be placed and compacted along with the embankment material in accordance with the procedure described in this Section.

 

Unless shown otherwise on the Plans or special Provisions, where an embankment of less than 1.2 m (4 feet) below subgrade is to be made, all sod and vegetable matter shall be removed from the surface upon which the embankment is to be placed, and the cleared surfaced shall be completely broken up by plowing, scarifying, or steeping to a minimum depth of 150 mm except as provided in Subsection 102.2.2. This area shall then be compacted as provided in Subsection 104.3.3. Sod not required to be removed shall be thoroughly disc harrowed or scarified before construction of embankment. Wherever a compacted road surface containing granular materials lies within 900 mm (36 inches) of the subgrade, such old road surface shall be scarified to a depth of at least 150 mm (6 inches) whenever directed by the Engineer. This scarified materials shall then be compacted as provided in Subsection 104.3.3.

 

When shoulder excavation is specified, the roadway shoulders shall be excavated to the depth and width shown on the Plans. The shoulder material shall be removed without disturbing the adjacent existing base course material, and all excess excavated materials shall be disposed off as provided in Subsection 102.2.3. If necessary, the areas shall be compacted before being backfilled.

 

 

Roadway embankment of earth material shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 200 mm (8 inches), loose measurement, and shall be compacted as specified before the next layer is placed. However, thicker layer maybe placed if vibratory roller with high compactive effort is used provided that density requirement is attained and as approved by the Engineer. Trial section to this effect must be conducted and approved by the Engineer. Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each lift to obtain uniform thickness as determined in the trial section prior to compaction. As the compaction of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and manipulating will be required to assure uniform density. Water shall be added or removed, if necessary, in order to obtain the required density. Removal of water shall be accomplished through aeration by plowing, blading, discing, or other methods satisfactory to the Engineer.

 

Where embankment is to be constructed across low swampy ground that will not support the mass of trucks or other hauling equipment, the lower part of


 

 


 

the fill may be constructed by dumping successive loads in a uniformly distributed layer of a thickness not greater than necessary to support the hauling equipment while placing subsequent layers.

 

When excavated material contains more than 25 mass percent of rock larger than 150 mm in greatest diameter and cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed without crushing, pulverizing or further breaking down the pieces resulting from excavation methods, such materials may be placed on the embankment in layers not exceeding in thickness the approximate average size of the larger rocks, but not greater than 600 mm (24 inches).

 

Even though the thickness of layers is limited as provided above, the placing of individual rocks and boulders greater than 600 mm in diameter will be permitted provided that when placed, they do not exceed 1200 mm (48 inches) in height and provided they are carefully distributed, with the interstices filled with finer material to form a dense and compact mass.

 

Each layer shall be leveled and smoothed with suitable leveling equipment and by distribution of spalls and finer fragments of earth. Lifts of material containing more than 25 mass percent of rock larger than 150 mm in greatest dimensions shall not be constructed above an elevation 300 mm ( 12 inches) below the finished subgrade. The balance of the embankment shall be composed of suitable material smoothed and placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm (8 inches) in loose thickness and compacted as specified for embankments.

 

Dumping and rolling areas shall be kept separate, and no lift shall be covered by another until compaction complies with the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

 

Hauling and leveling equipment shall be so routed and distributed over each layer of the fill in such a manner as to make use of compaction effort afforded thereby and to minimize rutting and uneven compaction.

 

104.3.3 Compaction

 

Compaction Trials

 

Before commencing the formation of embankments, the Contractor shall submit in writing to the Engineer for approval his proposals for the compaction of each type of fill material to be used in the works. The proposals shall include the relationship between the types of compaction equipment, and the number of passes required and the method of adjusting moisture content. The Contractor shall carry out full scale compaction trials on areas not less than 10 m wide and 50 m long as required by the Engineer and using his proposed procedures or such amendments thereto as may be found necessary to satisfy the Engineer that all the specified requirements regarding compaction can be consistently achieved. Compaction trials with the main types of fill material to be used in the works shall be completed before work with the corresponding materials will be allowed to commence.


 

 

 

 


 

Throughout the periods when compaction of earthwork is in progress, the Contractor shall adhere to the compaction procedures found from compaction trials for each type of material being compacted, each type of compaction equipment employed and each degree of compaction specified.

 

Earth

 

The Contractor shall compact the material placed in all embankment layers and the material scarified to the designated depth below subgrade in cut sections, until a uniform density of not less than 95 mass percent of the maximum dry density determined by AASHTO T 99 Method C, is attained, at a moisture content determined by Engineer to be suitable for such density. Acceptance of compaction may be based on adherence to an approved roller pattern developed as set forth in Item 106, Compaction Equipment and Density Control Strips.

 

The Engineer shall during progress of the Work, make density tests of compacted material in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or other approved field density tests, including the use of properly calibrated nuclear testing devices. A correction for coarse particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T 224. If, by such tests, the Engineer determines that the specified density and moisture conditions have not been attained, the Contractor shall perform additional work as may be necessary to attain the specified conditions.

 

At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carried out for each 500 m of each layer of compacted fill.

 

Rock

 

Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankments constructed of materials which cannot be tested in accordance with approved methods.

 

Embankment materials classified as rock shall be deposited, spread and leveled the full width of the fill with sufficient earth or other fine material so deposited to fill the interstices to produce a dense compact embankment. In addition, one of the rollers, vibrators, or compactors meeting the requirements set forth in Subsection 106.2.1, Compaction Equipment, shall compact the embankment full width with a minimum of three complete passes for each layer of embankment.

 

104.3.4 Protection of Roadbed During Construction

 

During the construction of the roadway, the roadbed shall be maintained in such condition that it will be well drained at all times. Side ditches or gutters emptying from cuts to embankments or otherwise shall be so constructed as to avoid damage to embankments by erosion.

 

104.3.5 Protection of Structure


 

 

 

 

 


 

If embankment can be deposited on one side only of abutments, wing walls, piers or culvert headwalls, care shall be taken that the area immediately adjacent to the structure is not compacted to the extent that it will cause overturning of, or excessive pressure against the structure. When noted on the Plans, the fill adjacent to the end bent of a bridge shall not be placed higher than the bottom of the backfill of the bent until the superstructure is in place. When embankment is to be placed on both sides of a concrete wall or box type structure, operations shall be so conducted that the embankment is always at approximately the same elevation on both sides of the structure.

 

104.3.6 Rounding and Warping Slopes

 

Rounding-Except in solid rock, the tops and bottoms of all slopes, including the slopes of drainage ditches, shall be rounded as indicated on the Plans. A layer of earth overlaying rock shall be rounded above the rock as done in earth slopes.

 

 

Warping-adjustments in slopes shall be made to avoid injury in standing trees or marring of weathered rock, or to harmonize with existing landscape features, and the transition to such adjusted slopes shall be gradual. At intersections of cuts and fills, slopes shall be adjusted and warped to flow into each other or into the natural ground surfaces without noticeable break.

 

104.3.7 Finishing Roadbed and Slopes

 

After the roadbed has been substantially completed, the full width shall be conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compact properly or serve the intended purpose. The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes of depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable selected material. Scarifying, blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed shaped to the grades and cross-sections shown on the Plans or as staked by the Engineer.

 

All earth slopes shall be left with roughened surfaces but shall be reasonably uniform, without any noticeable break, and in reasonably close conformity with the Plans or other surfaces indicated on the Plans or as staked by the Engineer, with no variations therefrom readily discernible as viewed from the road.

 

104.3.8 Serrated Slopes

 

Cut slopes in rippable material (soft rock) having slope ratios between 0.75:1 and 2:1 shall be constructed so that the final slope line shall consist of a series of small horizontal steps. The step rise and tread dimensions shall be shown on the Plans. No scaling shall be performed on the stepped slopes except for removal of large rocks which will obviously be a safety hazard if they fall into the ditchline or roadway.

 

104.3.9 Earth Berms


 

 


 

When called for in the Contract, permanent earth berms shall be constructed of well graded materials with no rocks having a diameter greater than 0.25 the height of the berm. When local material is not acceptable, acceptable material shall be imported, as directed by the Engineer.

 

Compacted Berm

 

Compacted berm construction shall consist of moistening or drying and placing material as necessary in locations shown on the drawings or as established by the Engineer. Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod, or other deleterious materials. Contractor shall take precaution to prevent material from escaping over the embankment slope. Shoulder surface beneath berm will be roughened to provide a bond between the berm and shoulder when completed. The Contractor shall compact the material placed until at least 90 mass percent of the maximum density is obtained as determined by AASHTO T 99, Method C. The cross-section of the finished compacted berm shall reasonably conform to the typical cross-section as shown on the Plans.

 

Uncompacted Berm

 

Uncompacted berm construction shall consist of drying, if necessary and placing material in locations shown on the Plans or as established by the Engineer. Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod or other deleterious materials. Contractor shall take precautions to prevent material from escaping over the embankment slope.

 

104.4 Method of Measurement

 

The quantity of embankment to be paid for shall be the volume of material compacted in place, accepted by the Engineer and formed with material obtained from any source.

 

Material from excavation per Item 102 which is used in embankment and accepted by the Engineer will be paid under Embankment and such payment will be deemed to include the cost of excavating, hauling, stockpiling and all other costs incidental to the work.

 

Material for Selected Borrow topping will be measured and paid for under the same conditions specified in the preceding paragraph.

 

104.5 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 104.4, shall be paid for at the Contract unit price for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities. The payment shall continue full compensation for placing and compacting all materials including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

 

Description

 

Unit of Measurement

 

 

 

 

 

104 (1)

Embankment

 

 

Cubic Meter

104 (2)

Selected,

Borrow

for

topping,

 

 

Case 1

 

 

 

Cubic Meter

104 (3)

Selected

Borrow

for

topping,

Cubic Meter

 

Case 2

 

 

 

 

104 (4)

Earth Berm

 

 

Meter

 

 

 

 

Item 105 – SUBGRADE PREPARATION

 

105.1 Description

 

This Item shall consist of the preparation of the subgrade for the support of overlying structural layers. It shall extend to full width of the roadway. Unless authorized by the Engineer, subgrade preparation shall not be done unless the Contractor is able to start immediately the construction of the pavement structure.

 

105.2 Material Requirements

 

Unless otherwise stated in the Contract and except when the subgrade is in rock cut, all materials below subgrade level to a depth 150 mm or to such greater depth as may be specified shall meet the requirements of Section 104.2, Selected Borrow for Topping.

 

105.3 Construction Requirements

 

105.3.1 Prior Works

 

Prior to commencing preparation of the subgrade, all culverts, cross drains, ducts and the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains and drainage outlets shall be completed. Any work on the preparation of the subgrade shall not be started unless prior work herein described shall have been approved by the Engineer.

 

105.3.2 Subgrade Level Tolerances

 

The finished compacted surface of the subgrade shall conform to the allowable tolerances as specified hereunder:

 

Permitted variation from

+

20 mm

design LEVEL OF SURFACE

-

30 mm

 

 

 


Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY

 

 

MEASURED BY 3-m STRAIGHT EDGE

 

30 mm

Permitted variation from

 

 

design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER

+

0.5 %

Permitted variation from

±

0.1 %

design LONGITUDINAL GRADE

 

 

over 25 m length

 

 

 

105.3.3 Subgrade in Common Excavation

 

Unless otherwise specified, all materials below subgrade level in earth cuts to a depth 150 mm or other depth shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer shall be excavated. The material, if suitable, shall be set side for future use or, if unsuitable, shall be disposed off in accordance with the requirements of Subsection 102.2.9.

 

Where material has been removed from below subgrade level, the resulting surface shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm and in accordance with other requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

 

All materials immediately below subgrade level in earth cuts to a depth of 150 mm, or to such greater depth as may be specified, shall be compacted in accordance with the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

 

105.3.4 Subgrade in Rock Excavation

 

Surface irregularities under the subgrade level remaining after trimming of the rock excavation shall be leveled by placing specified material and compacted to the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.

 

105.3.5 Subgrade on Embankment

 

After the embankment has been completed, the full width shall be conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compacted properly. The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes, or depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable material. The entire roadbed shall be shaped and compacted to the requirements of Subsections 104.3.3. Scarifying, blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed shaped to the cross-sections shown on the Plans.

 

 

 

 

105.3.6 Subgrade on Existing Pavement

 

Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately over an existing Portland Cement concrete pavement and if so specified in the Contract the slab be broken into pieces with greatest dimension of not more than 500 mm and the existing pavement material compacted as specified in Subsection 104.3.3, as directed by the Engineer. The resulting subgrade level shall, as part pavement


 


 

construction be shaped to conform to the allowable tolerances of Subsection 105.3.2 by placing and compacting where necessary a leveling course comprising the material of the pavement course to be placed immediately above.

 

Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately over an existing asphalt concrete pavement or gravel surface pavement and if so specified in the Contract the pavement shall be scarified, thoroughly loosened, reshaped and recompacted in accordance with Subsection 104.3.3. The resulting subgrade level shall conform to the allowable tolerances of Subsection 105.3.2.

 

105.3.7 Protection of Completed Work

 

The Contractor shall be required to protect and maintain at his own expense the entire work within the limits of his Contract in good condition satisfactory to the Engineer from the time he first started work until all work shall have been completed. Maintenance shall include repairing and recompacting ruts, ridges, soft spots and deteriorated sections of the subgrade caused by the traffic of the Contractor’s vehicle/equipment or that of the public.

 

105.3.8 Templates and Straight-edges

 

The Contractor shall provide for use of the Engineer, approved templates and straight-edges in sufficient number to check the accuracy of the work, as provided in this Specification.

 

105.4 Method of Measurement

 

105.4.1      Measurement of Items for payment shall be provided only for:

 

1.    The compaction of existing ground below subgrade level in cuts of common material as specified in Subsection 105.3.3.

 

2.    The breaking up or scarifying, loosening, reshaping and recompacting of existing pavement as specified in Subsection 105.3.6. The quantity to be paid for shall be the area of the work specified to be carried out and accepted by the Engineer.

 

105.4.2      Payment for all work for the preparation of the subgrade, including shaping to the required levels and tolerances, other than as specified above shall be deemed to be included in the Pay Item for Embankment.

 

105.5 Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 105.4, shall be paid for at the appropriate contract unit price for Pay Item listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for the placing or removal and disposal of all materials including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.


 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

 

 

 

105 (1)

Subgrade Preparation

Square Meter

 

(Common Material)

 

105 (2)

Subgrade Preparation

Square Meter

 

(Existing Pavement)

 

105 (3)

Subgrade Preparation

Square Meter

 

(Unsuitable Material)

 

 

 

ITEM 404 – REINFORCING STEEL

 

404.1  Description

 

This Item shall consist of furnishing, bending, fabricating and placing of steel reinforcement of the type, size, shape and grade required in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the requirements shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

 

404.2 Material Requirements

 

Reinforcing steel shall meet the requirements of item 710, Reinforcing Steel and Wire Rope.

 

4.4.3    Construction Requirements

 

404.3.1 Order Lists

 

Before materials are ordered, all order lists and bending diagrams shall be furnished by the Contractor, for approval of the Engineer. The approval of order lists and bending diagrams by the Engineer shall in no way relieve the Contractor of responsibility for the correctness of such lists and diagrams. Any expense incident to the revisions of materials furnished in accordance with such lists and diagrams to make them comply with the Plans shall be borne by the Contractor.

 

404.3.2 Protection of Material

 

Steel reinforcement shall be stored above the surface of the ground upon platforms, skids, or other supports and shall be protected as far as practicable from mechanical injury and surface deterioration caused by exposure to conditions producing rust. When placed in the work, reinforcement shall be free from dirt, detrimental rust, loose scale, paint, grease, oil, or other foreign materials. Reinforcement shall be free from injurious defects such as cracks and laminations. Rust, surface seams, surface irregularities or mill scale will not be

 

 


 

cause for rejection, provided the minimum dimensions, cross sectional area and tensile properties of a hand wire brushed specimen meets the physical requirements for the size and grade of steel specified.

 

404.3.3 Bending

 

All reinforcing bars requiring bending shall be cold-bent to the shapes shown on the Plans or required by the Engineer. Bars shall be bent around a circular pin having the following diameters (D) in relation to the diameter of the bar (d):

 

Nominal diameter, d, mm

Pin diameter (D)

10 to 20

6d

25 to 28

8d

32 and greater

10d

 

Bends and hooks in stirrups or ties may be bent to the diameter of the principal bar enclosed therein.

 

404.3.4  Placing and Fastening

 

All steel reinforcement shall be accurately placed in the position shown on the Plans or required by the Engineer and firmly held there during the placing and setting of the concrete. Bars shall be tied at all intersections except where spacing is less than 300mm in each directions, in which case, alternate intersections shall be tied. Ties shall be fastened on the inside.

 

Distance from the forms shall be maintained by means of stays, blocks, ties, hangers, or other approved supports, so that it does not vary from the position indicated on the Plans by more than 6mm. Blocks for holding reinforcement from contact with the forms shall be precast mortar blocks of approved shapes and dimensions. Layers of bars shall be separated by precast mortar blocks or by other equally suitable devices. The use of pebbles, pieces of broken stone or brick, metal pipe and wooden blocks shall not be permitted. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or required by the Engineer, the minimum distance between bars shall be 40mm. Reinforcement in any member shall be placed and then inspected and approved by the Engineer before the placing of concrete begins. Concrete placed in violation of this provision may be rejected and removal may be required. If fabric reinforcement is shipped in rolls, it shall be straightened before being placed. Bundled bars shall be tied together at not more than 1.8m intervals.

 

404.3.5 Splicing

 

All reinforcement shall be furnished in the full lengths indicated on the Plans. Splicing of bars, except where shown on the Plans, will not be permitted without the written approval of the Engineer. Splices shall be staggered as far as possible and with a minimum separation of not less than 40 bar diameters. Not more than one-third of the bars may be spliced in the same cross-section, except where shown on the Plans.


 

 


 

Unless otherwise shown on the Plans, bars shall be lapped a minimum distance of:

 

Splice Type

Grade 40

Grade 60

But not less

 

min. lap

min. lap

than

Tension

24 bar dia

36 bar dia

300 mm

Compression

20 bar dia

24 bar dia

300 mm

 

In lapped splices, the bars shall be placed in contact and wired together. Lapped splices will not be permitted at locations where the concrete section is insufficient to provide minimum clear distance of one and one-third the maximum size of coarse aggregate between the splice and the nearest adjacent bar. Welding of reinforcing steel shall be done only if detailed on the Plans or if authorized by the Engineer in writing. Spiral reinforcement shall be spliced by lapping at least one and a half turns or by butt welding unless otherwise shown on the Plans.

 

404.3.6  Lapping of Bar Mat

 

Sheets of mesh or bar mat reinforcement shall overlap each other sufficiently to maintain a uniform strength and shall be securely fastened at the ends and edges. The overlap shall not be less than one mesh in width.

 

404.4       Method of Measurement

 

The quantity of reinforcing steel to be paid for will be the final quantity placed and accepted in the completed structure.

 

No allowance will be made for tie-wires, separators, wire chairs and other material used in fastening the reinforcing steel in place. If bars are substituted upon the Contractor’s request and approved by the Engineer and as a result thereof more steel is used than specified, only the mass specified shall be measured for payment.

 

No measurement or payment will be made for splices added by the Contractor unless directed or approved by the Engineer.

 

When there is no item for reinforcing steel in the Bill of Quantities, costs will be considered as incidental to the other items in the Bill of Quantities.

 

404.5       Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantity, measured as prescribed in Section 404.4, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for Reinforcing Steel which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

404

Reinforcing Steel

Kilogram

 

 

 

 

ITEM 405 – STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

 

405.1  Description

 

405.1.1 Scope

 

This Item shall consist of furnishing, bending, placing and finishing concrete in all structures except pavements in accordance with this Specification and conforming to the lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the Plans. Concrete shall consist of a mixture of Portland Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture when specified, and water mixed in the proportions specified or approved by the Engineer.

 

405.1.2 Classes and Uses of Concrete

 

Five classes of concrete are provided for in this Item, namely: A, B, C, P and Seal. Each class shall be used in that part of the structure as called for on the Plans.

 

The classes of concrete will generally be used as follows:

 

Class A – All superstructures and heavily reinforced substructures. The important parts of the structure included are slabs, beams, girders, columns, arch ribs, box culverts, reinforced abutments, retaining walls, and reinforced footings.

 

Class B – Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding, and gravity walls, unreinforced or with only a small amount of reinforcement.

 

Class C – Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C. piles and cribbing and for filler in steel grid floors.

 

Class P – Prestressed concrete structures and members.

 

Seal – Concrete deposited in water.

 

405.2  Material Requirements

 

405.2.1 Portland Cement

 

It shall conform to all the requirements of Subsection 311.2.1.

 

 


 

 

 

 

405.2.2 Fine Aggregate

 

It shall conform to all the requirements of Subsection 311.2.2.

 

405.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

 

It shall conform all the requirements of Subsection 311.2.3 except that gradation shall conform to Table 405.1.

 

Table 405.1 – Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Designation

 

Mass Percent Passing

 

Standard

Alternate

Class

Class

Class

Class

Class

Mm

US Standard

A

B

C

P

Seal

63

2-1/2”

 

100

 

 

 

50

2”

100

95 – 100

 

 

 

37.5

1-1/2”

95 – 100

-

 

 

100

25

1”

-

35 – 70

 

100

95 – 100

19.0

¾”

35 – 70

-

100

95 – 100

-

12.5

½”

-

10 – 30

90 – 100

-

25 – 60

9.5

3/8”

10 – 30

-

40 – 70

20 – 55

-

4.75

No.4

0 - 5

0 - 5

0 – 15*

0 – 10*

0 – 10*

 

*  The measured cement content shall be within plus (+) or minus (-) 2 mass percent of the design cement content.

 

405.2.4 Water

 

It shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 311.2.4

 

405.2.5 Reinforcing Steel

 

It shall conform to the requirements of Item 710, Reinforcing Steel and Wire

Rope.

 

405.2.6 Admixtures

 

Admixtures shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 311.2.7

 

405.2.7 Curing Materials

 

Curing materials shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 311.2.8.

 

405.2.8 Expansion Joint Materials

 

Expansion joint materials shall be:

 

1.  Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork, conforming to AASHTO M 153.

 

 

 

 


2.    Hot-Poured Elastic Type, conforming to AASHTO M 173.

 

3.    Preformed Fillers, conforming to AASHTO M 213.

 

405.2.9   Elastomeric Compression Joint Seals

 

These shall conform to AASHTO M 220.

 

405.2.10  Elastomeric Bearing Pads

 

These shall conform to AASHTO M 251 or Item 412 – Elastomeric Bearing

Pads.

 

405.2.11  Storage of Cement and Aggregates

 

Storage of cement and aggregates shall conform to all the requirements of Subsection 311.2.10.

 

405.3       Sampling and Testing of Structural Concrete

 

As work progresses, at least one (1) sample consisting of three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens, 150 x 300mm (6 x 12 inches), shall be taken from each seventy five (75) cubic meters of each class of concrete or fraction thereof placed each day.

 

Compliance with the requirements of this Section shall be determined in accordance with the following standard methods of AASHTO:

 

Sampling of fresh concrete

T 141

Weight per cubic metre and air content (gravi-

 

Metric) of concrete

T 121

Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates

T 27

Slump of Portland Cement Concrete

T 119

Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate

T 84

 

Tests for strength shall be made in accordance with the following:

 

Making and curing concrete compressive and

 

flexural tests specimens in the field

T 23

Compressive strength of molded concrete

 

Cylinders

T 22

 

405.4       Production Requirements

 

405.4.1 Proportioning and Strength of Structural Concrete

 

The concrete materials shall be proportioned in accordance with the requirements for each class of concrete as specified in Table 405.2, using the absolute volume method as outlined in the American Concrete Institute (ACI)

 

Standard 211.1.  “Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal


 

 


 

and Heavyweight Concrete”. Other methods of proportioning may be employed in the mix design with prior approval of the Engineer. The mix shall either be designed or approved by the Engineer. A change in the source of materials during the progress of work may necessitate a new mix design.

 

The strength requirements for each class of concrete shall be as specified in Table 405.2.

 

Table 405.2 - Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures

 

 

Minimum

Maximum

Consistency

Designated

Minimum

Class

Cement

Water/

Range in

Size of Coarse

Compressive

Of

Content

Cement

Slump

Aggregate

Strength of

Concre

Per m3

Ratio

 

 

150x300mm

te

 

 

 

Square Opening

Concrete

 

kg

kg/kg

mm (inch)

Std. mm

Cylinder

 

(bag**)

 

 

 

Specimen at

 

 

 

 

 

28 days,

 

 

 

 

 

MN/m2 (psi)

 

 

 

 

 

 

A

360

0.53

50 – 100

37.5 – 4.75

20.7

 

(9 bags)

 

(2 –  4)

(1-1/2” – No. 4)

(3000)

B

320

0.58

50 – 100

50 – 4.75

16.5

 

(8 bags)

 

(2 – 4)

(2” – No. 4)

(2400)

C

380

0.55

50 – 100

12.5 – 4.75

20.7

 

(9.5 bags)

 

(2 – 4)

(1/2” – No. 4)

(3000)

P

440

0.49

100 max.

19.0 – 4.75

37.7

 

(11 bags)

 

(4 max.)

(3/4” – No. 4)

(5000)

Seal

380

0.58

100 – 200

25 – 4.75

20.7

 

(9.5 bags)

 

(4 - 8)

(1” – No. 4)

(3000)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*     The measured cement content shall be within plus or minus 2 mass percent of the design cement content.

 

**   Based on 40 kg/bag

 

405.4.2 Consistency

 

Concrete shall have a consistency such that it will be workable in the required position. It shall be of such a consistency that it will flow around reinforcing steel but individual particles of the coarse aggregate when isolated shall show a coating of mortar containing its proportionate amount of sand. The consistency of concrete shall be gauged by the ability of the equipment to properly place it and not by the difficulty in mixing and transporting. The quantity of mixing water shall be determined by the Engineer and shall not be varied without his consent. Concrete as dry as it is practical to place with the equipment specified shall be used.

 

405.4.3 Batching


 

 

 

 


Measuring and batching of materials shall be done at a batching

plant.

 

1.  Portland Cement

 

Either sacked or bulk cement may be used. No fraction of a sack of cement shall be used in a batch of concrete unless the cement is weighed. All bulk cement shall be weighed on an approved weighing device. The bulk cement weighing hopper shall be properly sealed and vented to preclude dusting operation. The discharge chute shall not be suspended from the weighing hopper and shall be so arranged that cement will neither be lodged in it nor leak from it.

 

Accuracy of batching shall be within plus (+) or minus (-) 1 mass percent.

 

2.  Water

 

Water may be measured either by volume or by weight. The accuracy of measuring the water shall be within a range of error of not more than 1 percent.

 

3.  Aggregates

 

Stockpiling of aggregates shall be in accordance with Subsection 311.2.10. All aggregates whether produced or handled by hydraulic methods or washed, shall be stockpiled or binned for draining for at least 12 hours prior to batching. Rail shipment requiring more than12 hours will be accepted as adequate binning only if the car bodies permit free drainage. If the aggregates contain high or non-uniform moisture content, storage or stockpile period in excess of 12 hours may be required by the Engineer.

 

Batching shall be conducted as to result in a 2 mass percent maximum tolerance for the required materials.

 

4.  Bins and Scales

 

The batching plant shall include separate bins for bulk cement, fine aggregate and for each size of coarse aggregate, a weighing hopper, and scales capable of determining accurately the mass of each component of the batch.

 

Scales shall be accurate to one-half (0.5) percent throughout the range used.

 

5.  Batching

 

When batches are hauled to the mixer, bulk cement shall be transported either in waterproof compartments or between the fine and


 

 


 

coarse aggregate. When cement is placed in contact with moist aggregates, batches will be rejected unless mixed within 1-1/2 hours of such contact. Sacked cement may be transported on top of the aggregates.

 

Batches shall be delivered to the mixer separate and intact. Each batch shall be dumped cleanly into the mixer without loss, and, when more than one batch is carried on the truck, without spilling of material from one batch compartment into another.

 

6.  Admixtures

 

The Contractor shall follow an approved procedure for adding the specified amount of admixture to each batch and will be responsible for its uniform operation during the progress of the work. He shall provide separate scales for the admixtures which are to be proportioned by weight, and accurate measures for those to be proportioned by volume. Admixtures shall be measured into the mixer with an accuracy of plus or minus three (3) percent.

 

The use of Calcium Chloride as an admixture will not be permitted.

 

405.4.4 Mixing and Delivery

 

Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction, at a central point or by a combination of central point and truck mixing or by a combination of central point mixing and truck agitating. Mixing and delivery of concrete shall be in accordance with the appropriate requirements of AASHTO M 157 except as modified in the following paragraphs of this section, for truck mixing or a combination of central point and truck mixing or truck agitating. Delivery of concrete shall be regulated so that placing is at a continuous rate unless delayed by the placing operations. The intervals between delivery of batches shall not be so great as to allow the concrete inplace to harden partially, and in no case shall such an interval exceed 30 minutes.

 

In exceptional cases and when volumetric measurements are authorized, for small project requiring less than 75 cu.m. per day of pouring, the weight proportions shall be converted to equivalent volumetric proportions. In such cases, suitable allowance shall be made for variations in the moisture condition of the aggregates, including the bulking effect in the fine aggregate. Batching and mixing shall be in accordance with ASTM C 685, Section 6 through 9.

 

Concrete mixing, by chute is allowed provided that a weighing scales for determining the batch weight will be used.

 

For batch mixing at the site of construction or at a central point, a batch mixer of an approved type shall be used. Mixer having a rated capacity of less than a one-bag batch shall not be used. The volume of concrete mixed per batch shall not exceed the mixer’s nominal capacity as shown on the manufacturer’s standard rating plate on the mixer except that an overload up to 10 percent above


 

 


 

the mixer’s nominal capacity may be permitted, provided concrete test data for strength, segregation, and uniform consistency are satisfactory and provided no spillage of concrete takes place. The batch shall be so charge into the drum that a portion of the water shall enter in advance of the cement and aggregates. The flow of water shall be uniform and all water shall be in the drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing period. Mixing time shall be measured from the time all materials, except water, are in the drum. Mixing time shall not be less than 60 seconds for mixers having a capacity of 1.5m3 or less. For mixers having a capacity greater than 1.5m3, the mixing time shall not be less than 90 seconds. If timing starts, the instant the skip reaches its maximum raised position, 4 seconds shall be added to the specified mixing time. Mixing time ends when the discharge chute opens.

 

The mixer shall be operated at the drum speed as shown on the manufacturer’s name plate on the mixer. Any concrete mixed less than the specified time shall be discarded and disposed off by the Contractor at his own expenses.

 

The timing device on stationary mixers shall be equipped with a bell or other suitable warning device adjusted to give a clearly audible signal each time the lock is released. In case of failure of the timing device, the Contractor will be permitted to continue operations while it is being repaired, provided he furnishes an approved timepiece equipped with minute and second hands. If the timing device is not placed in good working order within 24 hours, further use of the mixer will be prohibited until repairs are made.

 

Retempering concrete will not be permitted. Admixtures for increasing the workability, for retarding the set, or for accelerating the set or improving the pumping characteristics of the concrete will be permitted only when specifically provided for in the Contract, or authorized in writing by the Engineer.

 

1.  Mixing Concrete:  General

 

Concrete shall be thoroughly mixed in a mixer of an approved size and type that will insure a uniform distribution of the materials throughout the mass.

 

All concrete shall be mixed in mechanically operated mixers. Mixing plant and equipment for transporting and placing concrete shall be arranged with an ample auxiliary installation to provide a minimum supply of concrete in case of breakdown of machinery or in case the normal supply of concrete is disrupted. The auxiliary supply of concrete shall be sufficient to complete the casting of a section up to a construction joint that will meet the approval of the Engineer.

 

Equipment having components made of aluminum or magnesium alloys, which would have contact with plastic concrete during mixing, transporting or pumping of Portland Cement concrete, shall not be used.


 

 

 

 

 


 

Concrete mixers shall be equipped with adequate water storage and a device of accurately measuring and automatically controlling the amount of water used.

 

Materials shall be measured by weighing. The apparatus provided for weighing the aggregates and cement shall be suitably designed and constructed for this purpose. The accuracy of all weighing devices except that for water shall be such that successive quantities can be measured to within one percent of the desired amounts. The water measuring device shall be accurate to plus or minus 0.5 mass percent. All measuring devices shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. Scales and measuring devices shall be tested at the expense of the Contractor as frequently as the Engineer may deem necessary to insure their accuracy.

 

Weighing equipment shall be insulated against vibration or movement of other operating equipment in the plant. When the entire plant is running, the scale reading at cut-off shall not vary from the weight designated by the Engineer more than one mass percent for cement, 1-1/2 mass percent for any size of aggregate, or one (1) mass percent for the total aggregate in any batch.

 

2.  Mixing Concrete at Site

 

Concrete mixers may be of the revolving drum or the revolving blade type and the mixing drum or blades shall be operated uniformly at the mixing speed recommended by the manufacturer. The pick-up and throw-over blades of mixers shall be restored or replaced when any part or section is worn 20mm or more below the original height of the manufacturer’s design. Mixers and agitators which have an accumulation of hard concrete or mortar shall not be used.

 

When bulk cement is used and volume of the batch is 0.5m3 or more, the scale and weigh hopper for Portland Cement shall be separate and distinct from the aggregate hopper or hoppers. The discharge mechanism of the bulk cement weigh hopper shall be interlocked against opening before the full amount of cement is in the hopper. The discharging mechanism shall also be interlocked against opening when the amount of cement in the hopper is underweight by more than one (1) mass percent or overweight by more than 3 mass percent of the amount specified.

 

When the aggregate contains more water than the quantity necessary to produce a saturated surface dry condition, representative samples shall be taken and the moisture content determined for each kind of aggregate.

 

The batch shall be so charged into the mixer that some water will enter in advance of cement and aggregate. All water shall be in the drum by the end of the first quarter of the specified mixing time.


 

 


 

Cement shall be batched and charged into the mixer so that it will not result in loss of cement due to the effect of wind, or in accumulation of cement on surface of conveyors or hoppers, or in other conditions which reduce or vary the required quantity of cement in the concrete mixture.

 

The entire content of a batch mixer shall be removed from the drum before materials for a succeeding batch are placed therein. The materials composing a batch except water shall be deposited simultaneously into the mixer.

 

All concrete shall be mixed for a period of not less than 1-1/2 minutes after all materials, including water, are in the mixer. During the period of mixing, the mixer shall operate at the speed for which it has been designed.

 

Mixers shall be operated with an automatic timing device that can be locked by the Engineer. The time device and discharge mechanics shall be so interlocked that during normal operation no part of the batch will be charged until the specified mixing time has elapsed.

 

The first batch of concrete materials placed in the mixer shall contain a sufficient excess of cement, sand, and water to coat inside of the drum without reducing the required mortar content of the mix. When mixing is to cease for a period of one hour or more, the mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned.

 

3.  Mixing Concrete at Central Plant

 

Mixing at central plant shall conform to the requirements for mixing at the site.

 

4.  Mixing Concrete in Truck

 

Truck mixers, unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer, shall be of the revolving drum type, water-tight, and so constructed that the concrete can be mixed to insure a uniform distribution of materials throughout the mass. All solid materials for the concrete shall be accurately measured and charged into the drum at the proportioning plant. Except as subsequently provided, the truck mixer shall be equipped with a device by which the quantity of water added can be readily verified. The mixing water may be added directly to the batch, in which case a tank is not required. Truck mixers may be required to be provided with a means of which the mixing time can be readily verified by the Engineer.

 

The maximum size of batch in truck mixers shall not exceed the minimum rated capacity of the mixer as stated by the manufacturer and stamped in metal on the mixer. Truck mixing, shall, unless other-wise

 

 


 

directed be continued for not less than 100 revolutions after all ingredients, including water, are in the drum. The mixing speed shall not be less than 4 rpm, nor more than 6 rpm.

 

Mixing shall begin within 30 minutes after the cement has been added either to the water or aggregate, but when cement is charged into a mixer drum containing water or surface wet aggregate and when the temperature is above 32oC, this limit shall be reduced to 15 minutes. The limitation in time between the introduction of the cement to the aggregate and the beginning of the mixing may be waived when, in the judgement of the Engineer, the aggregate is sufficiently free from moisture, so that there will be no harmful effects on the cement.

 

When a truck mixer is used for transportation, the mixing time specified in Subsection 405.4.4 (3) at a stationary mixer may be reduced to 30 seconds and the mixing completed in a truck mixer. The mixing time in the truck mixer shall be as specified for truck mixing.

 

5.  Transporting Mixed Concrete

 

Mixed concrete may only be transported to the delivery point in truck agitators or truck mixers operating at the speed designated by the manufacturers of the equipment as agitating speed, or in non-agitating hauling equipment, provided the consistency and workability of the mixed concrete upon discharge at the delivery point is suitable point for adequate placement and consolidation in place.

 

Truck agitators shall be loaded not to exceed the manufacturer’s guaranteed capacity. They shall maintain the mixed concrete in a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass during hauling.

 

No additional mixing water shall be incorporated into the concrete during hauling or after arrival at the delivery point.

 

The rate of discharge of mixed concrete from truck mixers or agitators shall be controlled by the speed of rotation of the drum in the discharge direction with the discharge gate fully open.

 

When a truck mixer or agitator is used for transporting concrete to the delivery point, discharge shall be completed within one hour, or before 250 revolutions of the drum or blades, whichever comes first, after the introduction of the cement to the aggregates. Under conditions contributing to quick stiffening of the concrete or when the temperature of the concrete is 30oC, or above, a time less than one hour will be required.

 

6.  Delivery of Mixed Concrete

 

The Contractor shall have sufficient plant capacity and transportation apparatus to insure continuous delivery at the rate required. The rate of


 

 

 

 

delivery of concrete during concreting operations shall be such as to provide for the proper handling, placing and finishing of the concrete. The rate shall be such that the interval between batches shall not exceed 20 minutes. The methods of delivering and handling the concrete shall be such as will facilitate placing of the minimum handling.

 

405.5       Method of Measurement

 

The quantity of structural concrete to be paid for will be the final quantity placed and accepted in the completed structure. No deduction will be made for the volume occupied by pipe less than 100mm (4 inches) in diameter or by reinforcing steel, anchors, conduits, weep holes or expansion joint materials.

 

405.6       Basis of Payment

 

The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section 405.5, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for each of the Pay Item listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities.

 

Payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing, placing and finishing concrete including all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in the item.

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item Number

Description

Unit of Measurement

 

 

 

405 (1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

Cubic Meter

405 (2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

Cubic Meter

405 (3)

Structural Concrete, Class C

Cubic Meter

405 (4)

Structural Concrete, Class P

Cubic Meter

405 (5)

Seal Concrete

Cubic Meter

 

 

ITEM 407– CONCRETE STRUCTURES

 

407.1  Description

 

This Item shall consist of the general description of the materials, equipment, workmanship and construction requirements of concrete structures and the concrete portions of composite structures conforming to the alignment, grades, design, dimensions and details shown on the Plans and in accordance with the Specifications for piles, reinforcing steel, structural steel, structural concrete and other items which constitute the completed structure. The class of concrete to be used in the structure or part of the structure shall be as specified in Item 405, Structural Concrete.

 

407.2  Material Requirements

 

1.  Concrete and Concrete Ingredients


 

 


 

Concrete and concrete materials shall conform to the requirements in Item 405, Structural Concrete. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or specified in Special Provisions, concrete shall be of Class A.

 

2.  Reinforcing Steel

 

Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements in Item 404, Reinforcing

Steel.

 

3.  Structural Steel

 

Structural steel shall conform to the requirements of corresponding materials in Item 403, Metal Structures.

 

4.  Bridge Bearing (Elastomeric Bearing Pad)

 

Elastomeric bearing pads shall conform to Item 412, Elastomeric Bearing

Pads.

 

 

5.  Paints

 

Paints shall conform to the requirements in Item 411, Paint.

 

6. Waterproofing and Dampproofing

 

Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or indicated in Special Provisions, materials for waterproofing and dampproofing shall conform to the requirements of the following specifications:

 

a.    AASHTO M 115 Asphalt for dampproofing and waterproofing.

 

b.    AASHTO M 116 Primer for the use with Asphalt in dampproofing and waterproofing.

 

c.    AASHTO M 117 Woven cotton fabrics saturated with bituminous substances for use in waterproofing.

 

d.    AASHTO M 118 Coal-Tar pitch for roofing, dampproofing and water-proofing.

 

e.    AASHTO M 121 Creosote for priming coat with coal-tar pitch damp-proofing and waterproofing.

 

f.     AASHTO M 159 Woven burlap fabric saturated with bituminous substances for use in waterproofing.

 

g.    AASHTO M 166 Numbered cotton duck and array duck.

 

h.   AASHTO M 239 Asphalt for use in waterproofing membrane construction.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


7.  Concrete Curing Compound

 

Curing compound shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 148 Liquid membrane-forming compounds for curing concrete.

 

8.  Joint Filler

 

Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or in Special Provisions, materials for expansion joint filler shall conform to the requirements of the following specifications:

 

a.    AASHTO M 33 Preformed expansion joint filler for concrete.

 

b.    AASHTO M 153 Preformed sponge rubber and cork expansion joint fillers for concrete paving and structural construction.

 

c.    AASHTO M 173 Concrete joint sealer hot poured elastic type.

 

d.    AASHTO M 213 Preformed expansion joint filler for concrete paving and structural construction-non-extruding and resilient bituminous types.

 

e.    AASHTO M 220 Preformed elastomeric compression joint seals for concrete.

 

407.2.1  Proportioning and Strength of Structural Concrete

 

This shall be in accordance with Item 405, Structural Concrete.

 

407.2.2  Sampling and Testing

 

This shall be in accordance with Item 405, Structural Concrete.

 

407.3  Construction and Requirements

 

407.3.1  Handling and Placing Concrete: General

 

Concrete shall not be placed until forms and reinforcing steel have been checked and approved by the Engineer.

 

If lean concrete is required in the Plan or as directed by the Engineer prior to placing of reinforcing steel bar, the lean concrete should have a minimum compressive strength of 13.8 MPa (2,000 psi)..

 

In preparation for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips and other construction debris and extraneous matter shall be removed from inside the formwork, struts, stays and braces, serving temporarily to hold the forms in correct shape and alignment, pending the placing of concrete at their locations, shall be removed when the concrete placing has reached an elevation rendering their service unnecessary. These temporary members shall be entirely removed from the forms and not buried in the concrete.


 

 

 

 

No concrete shall be used which does not reach its final position in the forms within the time stipulated under “Time of Hauling and Placing Mixed Concrete”.

 

Concrete shall be placed so as to avoid segregation of the materials and the displacement of the reinforcement. The use of long troughs, chutes, and pipes for conveying concrete to the forms shall be permitted only on written authorization of the Engineer. The Engineer shall reject the use of the equipment for concrete transportation that will allow segregation, loss of fine materials, or in any other way will have a deteriorating effect on the concrete quality.

 

Open troughs and chutes shall be of metal lined; where steep slopes are required, the chutes shall be equipped with baffles or be in short lengths that reverse the direction of movement to avoid segregation.

 

All chutes, troughs and pipes shall be kept clean and free from coatings of hardened concrete by thoroughly flushing with water after each run. Water used for flushing shall be discharged clear of the structure.

 

When placing operations would involve dropping the concrete more than 1.5 m, concrete shall be conveyed through sheet metal or approved pipes. As far as practicable, the pipes shall be kept full of concrete during placing and their lower end shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete. After initial set of the concrete, the forms shall not be jarred and no strain shall be placed on the ends of projecting reinforcement bars.

 

The concrete shall be placed as nearly as possible to its final position and the use of vibrators for moving of the mass of fresh concrete shall not be permitted.

 

407.3.1.1  Placing Concrete by Pneumatic Means

 

Pneumatic placing of concrete will be permitted only if specified in the Special Provisions or authorized by the Engineer. The equipment shall be so arranged that vibration will not damage freshly placed concrete.

 

Where concrete is conveyed and placed by pneumatic means, the equipment shall be suitable in kind and adequate in capacity for the work. The machine shall be located as close as practicable to the work. The discharge lines shall be horizontal or inclined upwards from the machine. The discharge end of the line shall not be more than 3 m from the point of deposit.

 

At the conclusion of placing the concrete, the entire equipment shall be thoroughly cleaned.

 

407.3.1.2  Placing of Concrete by Pumping

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

The placing of concrete by pumping will be permitted only if specified or if authorized by the Engineer. The equipment shall be so arranged that vibration will not damage freshly placed concrete.

 

Where concrete is conveyed and placed by mechanically applied pressure the equipment shall be suitable in kind and adequate in capacity for the work. The operation of the pump shall be such that a continuous stream of concrete without air pockets is produced. When pumping is completed, the concrete remaining in the pipeline, if it is to be used, shall be ejected in such a manner that there will be no contamination of the concrete or separation of the ingredients. After this operation, the entire equipments shall be thoroughly cleaned.

 

407.3.1.3  Placing Concrete in Water

 

Concrete shall not be placed in water except with approval of the Engineer and under his immediate supervision. In this case the method of placing shall be hereinafter specified.

 

Concrete deposited in water shall be Class A concrete with a minimum cement content of 400 kg/m3 of concrete. The slump of the concrete shall be maintained between 10 and 20 cm. To prevent segregation, concrete shall be carefully placed in a compact mass, in its final position, by means of a tremie, a bottom-dump bucket, or other approved means, and shall not be disturbed after being placed.

 

A tremie shall consist of a tube having a diameter of not less than 250 mm constructed in sections having flanged couplings fitted with gaskets with a hopper at the top. The tremie shall be supported so as to permit free movement of the discharge and over the entire top surface of the work and so as to permit rapid lowering when necessary to retard or stop the flow of concrete. The discharge end shall be closed at the start of work so as to prevent water entering the tube and shall be completely submerged in concrete at all times; the tremie tube shall be kept full to the bottom of the hopper. When a batch is dumped into the hopper, the flow of concrete shall be induced by lightly raising the discharge end, but always keeping it in the placed concrete. The flow shall be continuous until the work is completed.

 

When the concrete is placed with a bottom-dump bucket, the top of the bucket shall be open. The bottom doors shall open freely downward and outward when tripped. The buckets shall be completely filled and slowly lowered to avoid backwash. It shall not be dumped until it rests on the surface upon which the concrete is to be deposited and when discharged shall be withdrawn slowly until well above the concrete.

 

407.3.2  Compaction of Concrete

 

Concrete during and immediately after placing shall be thoroughly compacted. The concrete in walls, beams, columns and the like shall be placed in horizontal layers not more than 30 cm thick except as hereinafter provided. When less than a complete layer is placed in one operation, it shall be terminated in a


 

 

 

vertical bulkhead. Each layer shall be placed and compacted before the preceding layer has taken initial set to prevent injury to the green concrete and avoid surfaces of separation between the layers. Each layer shall be compacted so as to avoid the formation of a construction joint with a preceding layer.

 

The compaction shall be done by mechanical vibration. The concrete shall be vibrated internally unless special authorization of other methods is given by the Engineer or is provided herein. Vibrators shall be of a type, design, and frequency approved by the Engineer. The intensity of vibration shall be such as to visibly affect a mass of concrete with a 3 cm slump over a radius of at least 50 cm. A sufficient number of vibrator shall be provided to properly compact each batch immediately after it is placed in the forms. Vibrators shall be manipulated so as to thoroughly work the concrete around the reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into the corners and angles of the forms and shall be applied at the point of placing and in the area of freably placed concrete. The vibrators shall be inserted into and withdrawn from the concrete slowly. The vibration shall be of sufficient duration and intensity to compact the concrete thoroughly but shall not be continued so as to cause segregation and at any one point to the extent that localized areas of grout are formed. Application of vibrators shall be at points uniformly spaced, and not farther apart than twice the radius over which the vibration is visibly effective. Vibration shall not be applied directly or thru the reinforcement to sections or layers of concrete that have hardened to the degree that the concrete ceases to be plastic under vibration. It shall not be used to make concrete flow in the forms over distances so great as to cause segregation, and vibrators shall not be used to transport concrete in the forms of troughs or chutes.

 

 

407.3.3  Casting Sections and Construction Joints

 

The concrete in each form shall be placed continuously. Placing of concrete in any such form shall not be allowed to commence unless sufficiently inspected and approved materials for the concrete is at hand, and labor and equipment are sufficient to complete the pour without interruption.

 

Joints in the concrete due to stopping work shall be avoided as much as possible. Such joints, when necessary, shall be constructed to meet the approval of the Engineer.

 

When the placing of concrete is temporarily discontinued, the concrete, after becoming firm enough to retain its shape, shall be cleaned of laitance and other objectionable material to a sufficient depth to expose sound concrete.

 

Where a “faster edge” might be produced at a construction joint, as in the sloped top surface of a wingwall, an inset formwork shall be used to produce an edge thickness of not less than 15 cm in the succeeding layer. Work shall not be discontinued within 50 cm of the top of any face, unless provision has been made for a coping less than 50 cm thick, in which case if permitted by the Engineer, the construction joint may be made at the underside of coping.

 

Immediately following the discontinuance of placing concrete, all accumulations of mortar splashed upon the reinforcing steel and the surfaces of


 

 

 

forms shall be removed. Dried mortar chips and dust shall not be puddled into the unset concrete. Care shall be exercised, during the cleaning of the reinforcing steel, not to injure or break the concrete-steel bond at and near the surface of the concrete.

 

407.3.4  Casting Box Culverts

 

In general, the base slab of box culverts shall be placed and allowed to set before the remainder of the culvert is constructed. In the construction of box culverts the side walls and top slab may be constructed as a monolith.

 

If the concrete in the walls and top slab is placed in two separate operations, special care shall be exercised in order to secure bonding in the construction joint and appropriate keys shall be left in the sidewalls for anchoring the top slab. Each wingwall shall be constructed, if possible, as a monolith. Construction joints where unavoidable, shall be horizontal and so located that no joints will be visible in the exposed face of the wingwall above the ground line.

 

Vertical construction joints shall be at right angles to the axis of the culverts.

 

407.3.5  Casting Columns, Slabs and Girders

 

Concrete in columns shall be placed in one continuous operation, unless otherwise directed. The concrete shall be allowed to set for at least 20 hours before the caps are placed.

 

Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer, no concrete shall be placed in the superstructure until the column forms have been stripped sufficiently to determine the condition of the concrete in the column. The load of the super-structure shall not be allowed to come upon the bents until they have been in place at least 14 days, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer.

 

Concrete in slab spans shall be placed in one continuous operation for each span unless otherwise provided.

 

Concrete in T-Beam or deck girder spans shall be placed in one continuous operation unless otherwise directed. If it is permitted to place the concrete in two separate operations, each of the operations, shall be continuous: first, to the top of the girder stems, and second, to completion. In the latter case, the bond between stem and slab shall be secured by means of suitable shear keys which may be formed by the use of timber blocks approximately 50 mm x 100 mm in cross-section having a length of 100 mm less than the width of the girder stem. These key blocks shall be placed along the girder stems as required, but the spacing shall not be greater than 300 mm center to center. The blocks shall be beveled and oiled in such a manner as to insure their ready removal, and they shall be removed as soon as the concrete has set sufficiently to retain its shape. If the contractor wishes to place the concrete in two separate operations, he shall, with his request for permission to do so, submit plans and proposals of the required


 

 

 

 

 

changes to the reinforcement, which plans and proposals shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.

 

In box girders, the concrete in the bottom slab be poured first, as a separate operation.

 

The concrete in the webs and the top slab shall be placed in one continuous operation unless otherwise specified. If it is permitted to place the concrete in more than one operation, the requirements for T-beam shall apply.

 

407.3.6  Construction Joints

 

Construction joints shall be made only where shown on the Plans or called for in the pouring schedule, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Shear keys or reinforcement shall be used, unless otherwise specified, to transmit shear or to bond the two sections together.

 

Before depositing new concrete on or against concrete which has hardened, the forms shall be retightened. The surface of the hardened concrete shall be roughened as required by the Engineer, in a manner that will not leave loose particles of aggregate or damage concrete at the surface. It shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter and laitance. When directed by the Engineer, the surface of the hardened concrete which will be in contact with new concrete shall be washed with water to this satisfaction, and to insure an excess of mortar at the juncture of the hardened and the newly deposited concrete, the cleaned and saturated surfaces, including vertical and inclined surfaces shall first be thoroughly covered with a coating of mortar of the same proportion of sand and cement as the class of concrete used against which the new concrete shall be placed before the grout or mortar has attained its initial set.

 

The placing of concrete shall be carried continuously from joint to joint. The face edges of all joints which are exposed to view shall be carefully finished true to line and elevation.

 

407.3.7  Concrete Surface Finishing

 

Surface finishing shall be classified as follows:

 

Class 1, Ordinary Finish

Class 2, Rubbed Finish

Class 3, Floated Finish

 

All concrete shall be given Class 1, Ordinary Finish and additionally any further finish as specified.

 

Unless otherwise specified, the following surfaces shall be given a Class 2, Rubbed Finish.

 

1.  The exposed faces of piers, abutments, wingwalls, and retaining walls.


 

 

 

 

 

2.    The outside faces of girders, T-beams, slabs, columns, brackets, curbs, headwalls, railings, arch rings, spandrel walls and parapets.

 

Excluded, however, are the tops and bottoms of floor slabs and sidewalks, bottoms of beams and girders, sides of interior beams and girders, backwalls above bridge seats or the underside of copings. The surface finish on piers and abutments shall include all exposed surfaces below the bridge seats to 20 cm below low water elevation or 50 cm below finished ground level when such ground level is above the water surface. Wingwalls shall be finished from the top to 50 cm below the finished slope lines on the outside face and shall be finished on top and for a depth of 20 cm below the top on the back sides.

 

Unless otherwise specified, the surface of the traveled way shall be Class 3, Floated Finish.

 

Class 1, Concrete Ordinary Finish

 

Immediately following the removal of forms, all fins and irregular protection shall be removed from all surface except from those which are not to be exposed or are not to be waterproofed. On all surfaces the cavities produced by form ties and all other holes, honeycomb spots, broken corners or edges and other defects shall be thoroughly cleaned, and after having been kept saturated with water for a period of not less than three hours shall be carefully pointed and made true with a mortar of cement and fine aggregate mixed in the proportions used in the grade of the concrete being finished. Mortar used in pointing shall not be more than one hour old. The mortar patches shall be cured as specified under Subsection 407.3.8. All construction and expansion joints in the completed work shall be left carefully tooled and free of all mortar and concrete. The joint filler shall be left exposed for its full length with a clean and true edges.

 

The resulting surface shall be true and uniform. All repaired surfaces, the appearance of which is not satisfactory to the Engineer, shall be “rubbed” as specified below.

 

Class 2, Concrete Rubbed Finish

 

After removal of forms, the rubbing of concrete shall be started as soon as its condition will permit. Immediately before starting this work, the concrete shall be kept thoroughly saturated with water for a minimum period of three hours. Sufficient time shall have elapsed before the wetting down to allow the mortar used in the pointing of road holes and defects to thoroughly set. Surfaces to be finished shall be rubbed with a minimum coarse carborundum stone using a small amount of mortar on each face. The mortar shall be composed of cement and fine sand mixed in the proportions used in the concrete being finished. Rubbing shall be continued until all form marks, protections and irregularities have been removed, all voids have been filled, and a uniform surface has been obtained. The face produced by this rubbing shall be left in place at this time.

 

After all concrete above the surface being created has been cast, the final finish shall be obtained by rubbing with a fine carborundum stone and water. This


 

 

rubbing shall be continued until the entire surface is of smooth texture and uniform color.

 

After the final rubbing is completed and the surface has dried, it should be rubbed with burlap to remove loose powder and shall be left free from all unsound patches, paste, powder and objectionable marks.

 

Class 3, Concrete Floated Finish

 

After the concrete is compacted as specified in Subsection 407.3.2, Compaction of Concrete, the surface shall be carefully struck off with a strike board to conform to the cross-section and grade shown on the Plans. Proper allowance shall be made for camber if required. The strike board may be operated longitudinally or transversely and shall be moved forward with a combined longitudinal and transverse motion, the manipulation being such that neither is raised from the side forms during the process. A slight excess of concrete shall be kept in front of the cutting edge at all times.

 

After striking off and consolidating as specified above, the surface shall be made uniform by longitudinal or transverse floating or both. Longitudinal floating will be required except in places where this method is not feasible.

 

The longitudinal float, operated from foot bridges, shall be worked with a sawing motion while held in a floating position parallel to the road centerline and passing gradually from one side of the pavement to the other. The float shall then be moved forward one-half of each length and the above operation repeated. Machine floating which produces an equivalent result may be substituted for the above manual method.

 

The transverse float shall be operated across the pavement by starting at the edge and slowly moving to the center and back again to the edge. The float shall then be moved forward one-half of each length and the above operation repeated. Care shall be taken to preserve the crown and cross-section of the pavement.

 

After the longitudinal floating has been completed and the excess water removed, but while the concrete is still plastic, the slab surface shall be tested for trueness with a straight-edge. For the purpose, the Contractor shall furnish and use an accurate 3 m straight-edge swing handless 1 m longer than one half the width of the slab.

 

The straight-edge shall be held in successive positions parallel to the road centerline and in contact with the surface and the whole area gone over from one side of the slab to the other as necessary advancement along the deck shall be in successive stages of not more than one-half the length of the straight-edge. Any depression found shall be immediately filled with freshly mixed concrete, struck off, consolidated and refinished. The straight-edge testing and refloating shall continue until the entire surface is found to be free from observable departure from the straight-edge and the slabs has the required grade and contour, until there are no deviations of more than 3 mm under the 3 m straight-edge.


 

 

 

When the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the surface shall be given a broom finish. The broom shall be an approved type. The strokes shall be square across the slabs from edge to edge, with adjacent strokes slightly overlapped, and shall be made by drawing the broom without tearing the concrete, but so as to produce regular corrugations not over 3 mm in depth. The surface as thus finished shall be free from porous spots, irregularities, depressions and small pockets or rough spots such as may be caused by accidental disturbing, during the final brooming of particles of coarse aggregate embedded near the surface.

 

Concrete Surface Finish for Sidewalk.

 

After the concrete has been deposited in place, it shall be compacted and the surface shall be struck off by means of strike board and floated with a wooden or cork float. An edging tool shall be used on all edges and at all expansion joints. The surface shall not vary more than 3 mm under a 3 m straight-edge. The surface shall have a granular or matted texture which will not slick when wet.

 

407.3.8  Curing Concrete

 

All newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance with this Specification, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. The curing method shall be one or more of the following:

 

1.  Water Method

 

The concrete shall be kept continuously wet by the application of water for a minimum period of 7 days after the concrete has been placed.

 

The entire surface of the concrete shall be kept dump by applying water with an atomizing nozzle. Cotton mats, rugs, carpets, or earth or sand blankets may be used to retain the moisture. At the expiration of the curing period the concrete surface shall be cleared of the curing medium.

 

2.  Curing Compound

 

Surfaces exposed to the air may be cured by the application of an impervious membrane if approved by the Engineer.

 

The membrane forming compound used shall be practically colorless liquid. The use of any membrane-forming compound that will alter the natural color of the concrete or impart a slippery surface to any wearing surface shall be prohibited. The compound shall be applied with a pressure spray in such a manner as to cover the entire concrete surface with a uniform film and shall be of such character that it will harden within 30 minutes after application. The amount of compound applied shall be ample to seal the surface of the concrete thoroughly.

 

 

 


 

Power-operated spraying equipment shall be equipped with an operational pressure gauge and means of controlling the pressure.

 

The curing compound shall be applied to the concrete following the surface finishing operation immediately after the moisture sheen begins to disappear from the surface, but before any drying shrinkage or craze cracks begin to appear. In the event of any delay, in the application of the curing compound, which results in any drying or cracking of the surface, application of water with an atomizing nozzle as specified under “Water Method”, shall be started immediately and shall be continued until the application of the compound is resumed or started, however, the compound shall not be applied over any resulting free standing water. Should the film of compound be damaged from any cause before the expiration of 7 days after the concrete is placed in the case of structures, the damaged portion shall be repaired immediately with additional compound.

 

Curing compound shall not be diluted or altered in any manner after manufacture. At the time of use, the compound shall be in a thoroughly mixed condition. If the compound has not been used within 120 days after the date of manufacture, the Engineer may require additional testing before the use to determine compliance to requirements.

 

An anti-setting agent or a combination of anti-setting agents shall be incorporated in the curing compound to prevent caking.

 

The curing compound shall be packaged in clean barrels or steel containers or shall be supplied from a suitable storage tank located on the Site. Storage tank shall have a permanent system designed to completely redisperse any settled material without introducing air or any other foreign substance. Containers shall be well-sealed with ring seals and lug type crimp lids. The linings of the containers shall be of a character that will resist the solvent of the curing compound. Each container shall be labeled with a manufacturer’s name, specification number, batch number, capacity and date of manufacture, and shall have label warning concerning flammability. The label shall also warn that the curing compound shall be well-stirred before use. When the curing compound is shipped in tanks or tank trunks, a shipping invoice shall accompany each load. The invoice shall contain the same information as that required herein for container labels.

 

Curing compound may be sampled by the Engineer at the source of supply and on the Site.

 

3.  Waterproof Membrane Method

 

The exposed finished surfaces of concrete shall be sprayed with water, using a nozzle that so atomizes the flow that a mist and not a spray is formed until the concrete has set, after which a curing membrane of waterproof paper or plastic sheeting shall be placed. The


 

 

 

curing membrane shall remain in place for a period of not less than 72 hours.

 

Waterproof paper and plastic sheeting shall conform to the specification of AASHTO M 171.

 

The waterproof paper or plastic sheeting shall be formed into sheets of such width as to cover completely the entire concrete surface.

 

All joints in the sheets shall be securely cemented together in such a manner as to provide a waterproof joint. The joint seams shall have a minimum lap of 100 mm.

 

The sheets shall be securely weighed down by placing a bank of earth on the edges of the sheets or by other means satisfactory to the Engineer.

 

Should any portion of the sheets be broken or damaged within 72 hours after being placed, the broken or damaged portions shall be immediately repaired with new sheets properly cemented into place.

 

Sections of membrane which have lost their waterproof qualities or have been damaged to such an extent as to render them unfit for curing, the concrete shall not be used.

 

4.  Forms-in-Place Method

 

Formed surfaces of concrete may be cured by retaining the form-in-place. The forms shall remain in place for a minimum period of 7 days after the concrete has been placed, except that for members over 50 cm in least dimensions, the forms shall remain in place for a minimum period of 5 days. Wooden forms shall be kept wet by watering during the curing period.

 

5.  Curing Cast-In-Situ Concrete

 

All newly placed concrete for cast-in-situ structures, other than highway bridge deck, shall be cured by the water method, the forms-in-place method, or as permitted herein, by the curing compound method, all in accordance with the requirements of Subsection, 407.3.8 Curing Concrete.

 

The curing compound method may be used on concrete surfaces which are to be buried under ground and surfaces where only Ordinary Surface Finish is to be applied and on which a uniform color is not required and which will not be visible from public view.

 

The top surface of highway bridge decks shall be cured by either the curing compound method or the water method. The curing compound shall be applied progressively during the deck finishing operations. The


 


 

water cure shall be applied not later than 4 hours after completion of the deck finishing.

 

When deemed necessary by the Engineer during periods of hot weather, water shall be applied to concrete surface being cured by the curing compound method or by the forms-in-place method until the Engineer determine that a cooling effect is no longer required.

 

6.  Curing Pre-Cast Concrete (except piles)

 

Pre-cast concrete members shall be cured for not less than 7 days by the water method or by steam curing. Steam curing for pre-cast members shall conform to the following provisions:

 

a.    After placement of the concrete, members shall be held for a minimum 4-hour pre-steaming period.

 

b.    To prevent moisture loss on exposed surfaces during the pre-steaming period, members shall be covered immediately after casting or the exposed surface shall be kept wet by fog spray or wet blankets.

 

c.    Enclosures for steam curing shall allow free circulation of steam about the member and shall be constructed to contain the live steam with a minimum moisture loss. The use of tarpaulins or similar flexible covers will be permitted, provided they are kept in good condition and secured in such a manner to prevent the loss of steam and moisture.

 

d.    Steam at jets shall be low pressure and in a saturated condition. Steam jets shall not impinge directly on the concrete, test cylinders,

 

or forms. During application of the steam, the temperature rise within the enclosure shall not exceed 20oC per hour. The curing temperature throughout the enclosure shall not exceed 65oC and shall be maintained at a constant level for a sufficient time necessary to develop the required compressive strength. Control cylinders shall be covered to prevent moisture loss and shall be placed in a location where temperature of the enclosure will be the same as that of the concrete.

 

e.    Temperature recording devices that will provide an accurate continuous permanent record of the curing temperature shall be provided. A minimum of one temperature recording device per 50 m of continuous bed length will be required for checking temperature.

 

f.     Curing of pre-cast concrete will be considered completed after the termination of the steam curing cycle.

 

7.   Curing Pre-cast Concrete Piles


 

 

 

 

 

All newly placed concrete for pre-cast concrete piles, conventionally reinforced or prestressed shall be cured by the “Water Method” as described in Subsection 407.3.8, Curing Concrete, except that the concrete shall be kept under moisture for at least 14 days. At the option of the Contractor, stream curing may be used in which case the steam curing provisions of Subsection 407.3.8 (6), Curing Pre-Cast Concrete (except piles) shall apply except that the concrete shall be kept wet for at least 7 days including the holding and steaming period.

 

407.3.9  Falsework Design and Drawings

 

Detailed working drawings and supporting calculations of the false work shall be furnished by the Contractor to the Engineer. No falsework construction shall start until the Engineer has reviewed and approved the design. The Contractor shall provide sufficient time for the Engineer to complete this review. Such time shall be proportionate to the complexity of the falsework design and in no case be less than two weeks.

 

The Contractor may review the falsework drawings at any time provided sufficient time is allowed for the Engineer’s review before construction is started on the revised portion.

 

Assumptions used in design of the falsework shall include but not be limited to the following:

 

1.    The entire superstructure cross-section, except for the railing, shall be considered to be placed at one time, except when in the opinion of the Engineer, a portion of the load is carried by members previously cast and having attained a specified strength.

 

2.    The loading used on timber piles shall not exceed the bearing value for the pile and shall in no case exceed 20 tonne per pile.

 

3.    Soil bearing values and soil condition (wet and dry) shall be designated by the Contractor on the falsework drawings. Falsework footings shall be designed to carry the loads imposed upon them without exceeding estimated soil bearing values or allowable settlements.

 

4.    The maximum loadings and deflections used on jacks, brackets, columns and other manufactured devices shall not exceed the manufacture’s recommendations. If requested by the Engineer, the

 

Contractor shall furnish catalogue or other data verifying these recommendations.

 

5.    If the concrete is to be prestressed, the falsework shall be designed to support any increased or readjusted loads caused by the prestressing forces.

 

6.    Joints supporting slabs and overhangs shall be considered as falsework and designed as such.

 

For the construction of falsework over and adjacent to roadways where falsework openings are required for maintaining traffic, the Contractor shall


 

 


 

provide any additional features for the work needed to insure that the falsework will be stable if subjected to impact by vehicles.

 

The falsework design at the locations where said openings are required shall include but not be limited to the following minimum provisions:

 

a.    Each exterior stringer in a span shall be securely anchored to the following cap or framing.

 

b.    Adequate bracing shall be used during all stages of falsework construction and removal over or adjacent to public traffic.

 

c.    Falsework members shall be at least 300 mm clear of temporary protective railing members.

 

The falsework drawings shall include a superstructure placing diagram showing proposed concrete placing sequence and construction joint locations, except that where a schedule for placing concrete is shown on the Contract Plans, no deviation will be permitted there from unless approved in writing by the Engineer.

 

The falsework drawings shall show pedestrian openings which are required through the falsework.

 

Anticipated total settlements of falsework and forms shall be indicated by the Contractor on the falsework drawings. These should include falsework footing settlements over 20 mm will not be allowed unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. Deck slab forms between girders shall be constructed with no allowance for settlement relative to the girders.

 

Detailed calculations by the Contractor showing the stresses deflections, and camber necessary to compensate for said deflections in all load supporting members shall be supplied.

 

After approving the Contractor’s falsework deflection camber, the Engineer will furnish to the Contractor the amounts of camber necessary to compensate for vertical alignment or anticipated structure deflection, if these are not shown on the drawings. The total camber used in constructing falsework shall be the sum of the aforementioned cambers.

 

407.3.10 Falsework Construction

 

The falsework shall be constructed to conform to the falsework drawings. The materials used in the falsework construction shall be of the quantity and quality necessary to withstand the stresses imposed. The workmanship used in falsework shall be of such quality that the falsework will support the loads imposed on it without excessive settlement or take-up beyond that shown on the falsework drawings.


 

 

 

 

 


 

When falsework is supported on piles, the piles shall be driven to a bearing value equal to the total calculated pile loading as shown on the falsework drawings.

 

Suitable jacks or wedges shall be used in connection with falsework to set the forms to their required grade and to take up any excessive settlement in the falsework either before or during the placing of concrete.

 

The Contractor shall provide tell-tales attached to the soffit forms easily readable and in enough systematically-placed locations to determine the total settlement of the entire portion of the structure where concrete is being placed.

 

Should unanticipated events occur, including settlements that deviate more than ±20 mm from those indicated on the falsework drawings, which in the opinion of the Engineer would prevent obtaining a structure conforming to the requirement of the Specification, the placing of concrete shall be discontinued until corrective measures satisfactory to the Engineer are provided. In the event satisfactory measures are not provided prior to initial set of the concrete in the affected area, the placing of concrete shall be discontinued at a location determined by the Engineer. All unacceptable concrete shall be removed.

 

407.3.11 Removing Falsework

 

Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, or permitted by the Engineer, falsework supporting any span of a supported bridge shall not be released before 14 days after the last concrete, excluding concrete above the bridge deck, has been placed. Falsework supporting any span of a continuous or rigid frame bridge shall not be released before 14 days after the last concrete excluding concrete above the bridge deck, has been placed in that span and in the adjacent portions of each adjoining span for a length equal to at least half the length of the span where falsework is to be released.

 

Falsework supporting deck overhangs and deck slabs between girders shall not be released until 7 days after the deck concrete has been placed.

 

In addition to the above requirements, no falsework for bridges shall be released until the supported concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least 80% of the required 28-day strength. Falsework for cast-in place prestressed portion of structure shall not be released until after the prestressing steel has been tensioned.

 

All falsework materials shall be completely removed. Falsework piling shall be removed at least 50 cm below the surface of the original ground or stream bed. When falsework piling is driven within the limits of ditch or channel excavation areas, the falsework piling within such areas shall be removed to at least 50 cm below the bottom and side slopes of said excavated areas.

 

All debris and refuse resulting from work shall be removed and the site left in a neat and presentable condition.


 

 

 

 


407.3.12 Formwork Design and Drawings

 

The Contractor shall prepare drawings and materials data for the formwork and shutters to be submitted to the Engineer for approval unless otherwise directed.

 

The requirements for design of formwork are the same as described under Section 407.3.9.

 

407.3.13 Formwork Construction

 

Concrete forms shall be mortar-tight, true to the dimensions, lines and grades of the structure and with the sufficient strength, rigidity, shape and surface smoothness as to leave the finished works true to the dimensions shown on the Plans or required by the Engineer and with the surface finish as specified.

 

Formwork and shutters are to be constructed in accordance with the approved Plans.

 

The inside surfaces of forms shall be cleaned of all dirt, mortar and foreign material. Forms which will later be removed shall be thoroughly coated with form oil prior to use. The form oil shall be of commercial quality form oil or other approved coating which will permit the ready release of the forms and will not discolor the concrete.

 

Concrete shall not be deposited in the forms until all work in connection with constructing the forms has been completed, all materials required for the unit to be poured, and the Engineer has inspected and approved said forms and materials. Such work shall include the removal of all dirt, chips, sawdust and other foreign material from the forms.

 

The rate of depositing concrete in forms shall be such to prevent bulging of the forms or form panels in excess of the deflections permitted by the Specification.

 

Forms for all concrete surfaces which will not be completely enclosed or hidden below the permanent ground surface shall conform to the requirements herein for forms for exposed surfaces. Interior surfaces of underground drainage structures shall be completely enclosed surfaces.

 

Formwork for concrete place under water shall be watertight. When lumber is used, this shall be planed, tongued and grooved.

 

Forms for exposed concrete surface shall be designed and constructed so that the formed surface of the concrete does not undulate excessively in any direction between studs, joists, form stiffeners, form fasteners, or wales. Undulations exceeding either 2 mm or 1/270 of the center to center distance between studs, joists, form stiffeners, form fasteners, or wales will be considered to be excessive. Should any form of forming system, even though previously approved for use, produce a concrete surface with excessive undulations, its use shall be discontinued until modifications satisfactory to the Engineer have been


 

 


 

made. Portions of concrete structures with surface undulations in excess of the limits herein specified may be rejected by the Engineer.

 

All exposed surfaces of similar portions of a concrete structure shall be formed with the same forming material or with materials which produce similar concrete surface textures, color and appearance.


 

Forms for exposed surfaces shall be thickness and width and with uniform texture. edges and be mortar-tight.


 

made of form materials of even The materials shall have sharp


 

Forms for exposed surfaces shall be constructed with triangular fillets at least 20 mm wide attached so as to prevent mortar runs and to produce smooth straight chamfers at all sharp edges of the concrete.

 

Form fasteners consisting of form bolts, clamps or other devices shall be used as necessary to prevent spreading of the forms during concrete placement. The use of ties consisting of twisted wire loops to hold forms in position will not be permitted.

 

Anchor devices may be cast into the concrete for later use in supporting forms or for lifting precast members. The use of driven types of anchorage for fastening forms of form supports to concrete will not be permitted.

 

407.3.14 Removal of Forms and Falsework

 

Forms and falsework shall not be removed without the consent of the

 

Engineer. The Engineer’s consent shall not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for the safety of the work. Blocks and bracing shall be removed at the time the forms are removed and in no case shall any portion of the wood forms be left in the concrete.

 

Falsework removal for continuous or cantilevered structures shall be as directed by the Engineer or shall be such that the structure is gradually subjected to its working stress.

 

When concrete strength tests are used for removal of forms and supports, such removal should not begin until the concrete has attained the percentage of the specified design strength shown in the table below.

 

 

Minimum Time

Minimum Percentage

 

 

Design Strength

Centering under girders,

 

 

beams frames or arches

14 days

80%

Floor slabs

14 days

70%

Walls

1 day

70%

Columns

2 days

70%

Sides of beams and all

 

 

other vertical surfaces

1 day

70%


 

 

 

 

 

In continuous structures, falsework shall not be released in any span until the first and second adjoining spans on each side have reached the strength specified herein, or in the Special Specifications. When cast-in-place post tensioned bridges are constructed, falsework shall remain in place until all post tensioning has been accomplished.

 

Falsework under all spans of continuous structures shall be completely released before concrete is placed in railings and parapets. In order to determine the condition of column concrete, forms shall be removed from columns before releasing supports from beneath beams and girders.

 

Forms and falsework shall not be released from under concrete without first determining if the concrete has gained adequate strength without regard to the time element. In the absence of strength determination, the forms and falsework are to remain in place until removal is permitted by the Engineer.

 

The forms for footings constructed within cofferdams or cribs may be left in place when, in the opinion of the Engineer, their removal would endanger the safety of the cofferdam or crib, and when the forms so left intact will not be exposed to view in the finished structure. All other forms shall be removed whether above or below the ground line or water level.

 

All forms shall be removed from the cells of concrete box girders in which utilities are present and all formwork except that necessary to support the deck slab shall be removed from the remaining cells of the box girder.

 

To facilitate finishing, forms used on ornamental work, railing, parapets and exposed vertical surfaces shall be removed in not less than 12 nor more than 48 hours, depending upon weather conditions. In order to determine the condition of concrete in columns, forms shall always be removed from them before the removal of shoring from beneath beams and girders.

 

Falsework and centering for spandrel-filled arches not be struck until filling at the back of abutments has been placed up to the spring line. Falsework supporting the deck of rigid frame structure shall not be removed until fills have been placed back to the vertical legs.

 

407.4  Method of Measurement

 

The quantity of structural steel, structural concrete, reinforcing steel or other Contract Pay Items shall constitute the completed and accepted structure which shall be measured for payment in the manner prescribed in the several items involved.

 

407.5      Basis of Payment

 

The quantities measured as provided in Section 407.4, Method of Measurement shall be paid for at the contract price for the several pay items which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing, preparing, fabricating, placing, curing and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals


 

 

necessary to complete the Item. Such payment shall constitute full payment for the completed structure ready for use.

 

Payment will be made under:

 

Pay Item

Description

Unit

Number

 

of

 

 

Measurement

405 (1)

Concrete Class A, C & P

Cubic Meter

405 (2)

Concrete Post/Baluster

Each

 

Railings

Linear Meter

405 (3)

Parapet Walls

Cubic Meter

400

Piling

Linear Meter

103

Structure Excavation

Cubic Meter

601

Sidewalk Concrete

Square Meter or

 

 

Cubic Meter

404

Reinforcing Steel Bars

Kilogram

407 (1)

Lean Concrete

Cubic Meter

 

When more than one item is specified, means of identification shall be inserted in parenthesis immediately after the Pay Item and letter suffixes shall be included within the parenthesis of the Pay Item Number.